First Day in School: Growing Out of Dependency Essay

Looking back on a childhood filled with events and memories, I find it rather difficult to pick on that. It leaves me with the fabled â€Å"warm and fuzzy feelings†. As a kid who grew up from another country, I had a pleasure of learning different language and culture. I have to learn both Filipino and English. However, I have discovered that when reflecting on my childhood, it is not the difficult learning that come to mind, instead there are details from everyday doings; a deck of cards, a silver bank or an ice cream flavor. One memory that comes to mind belongs to a day with particular importance. It was my very first day of school. Learning something new can be a scary experience. The first 4 years of my life was spent at home mostly with my parents who were there every step of the way. My day started with a hearty breakfast prepared by Mom, who would patiently cook eggs, fried rice and spam. All of us would rush to the table and get ready for the day’s school or work. After breakfast, I would be the last child left behind with Mom. For 4 full years, my life was comfortable. It consisted of a routine, a structure of dependency which meant I didn’t have to worry about what to wear, when to eat and what time someone was going to give me a bath. It was 4 years built on knowing that my loving parents were there to protect me and my selfless siblings were there as well to pamper me, being the youngest in the family. Then one day, thinking that the morning was going to be how it’s always been, I thought wrong. Mom told me I was going to school. I initially thought, it was going to be fun, to be out of the house and break from the routine for a change. However, as soon as I got to the school in the midst of total strangers, I found my world crumbling. I tugged nervously at Mom and looked at her to say, this was not the place I want to be. She tugged back with confidence and escorted me to my classroom with my new teacher welcoming me with a smile along with the rest of the kids in the room. I remembered crying hard for the first time in my life as if my Mom was abandoning me for the rest of my life. What seemed to be the first 10 minutes felt like an eternity. My first day of school was a realization that my sheltered years of being around my parents and siblings are over. It signaled the day when I realized that my dependency on my family was over. It made me understand that at that very moment, I had to learn to be on my own, make friends with people I barely know and learn to stand up for myself. Before the day was over, it made me realize that there was something to look forward to when school was over. It was scary to be on my own for the first time. However, I found comfort in the fact that Mom would rescue me from the melancholy experience of my first day in school.

Era of globalization cultural differences

IntroductionIn this epoch of globalisation in concern environment, companies are spread outing their concern all over the universe, i.e. in different states and each of them with different civilizations. One country in peculiar of turning importance is intercultural direction accomplishments. Culture in international concern presents is recognized to hold a major function to play in the international gross revenues, selling, enlisting, direction and amalgamations. â€Å" In short, civilization is behind everything we do or state. † ( www.kwintessential.co.uk ) Therefore, in the international and multi-cultural concern community, there are really much possibilities of misinterpretations which can hold a negative consequence on the people which will intern impact the productiveness of the organisation. This complexness requires a director to accommodate in order to offer modern solutions to these jobs. ( www.kwintessential.co.uk ) Culture is:Something shared by all or about all members of some societal group.Something older members of a group attempt to go through to younger members.Something ( as in the instance of ethical motives, Torahs, and imposts ) that shapes behaviour, or structures one ‘s perceptual experience of he universe. †Therefore civilization is all that one needs to cognize in order to be accepted in a society or an administration which is a sum sum of all the beliefs, values and norms shared by a group of people who have been brought up in a society to believe, experience, construe and respond in a peculiar mode. Or it is a human demand of accommodating to fortunes and conveying these accomplishments and cognition to the following coevalss. It can besides be said as civilization as mental scheduling is besides crystallisation of history in the custodies, heads and Black Marias of the present coevals. ( Hofstede, 2001 ) . This essay will speak about the cultural difference between India which is my place civilization and UK which is the opposite number. I have chosen UK because I have been to UK for my Supervised Work Experience ( SWE ) and during my stay in UK I ne'er paid attending towards the UK civilization dimensions and would now like to analyse with regard to the different theoretical accounts. But before that Lashkar-e-Taibas have a expression at some imposts or values that are followed in these states:India – HindooismSocial freedom amongst the sexes is non appreciated.Use of first name to turn to people is avoided.The method of recognizing depends on the societal position of the individual you are run intoing i.e. if a boy is run intoing his male parent normally he greets him by bowing down and touching his pess. Where as educated people, in concern meeting agitate custodies to welcome or recognize each other.If invited for dinner one may merely hold the dinner with the concern spouse and non the whole household and make non acquire disquieted if you host asks you several times to hold some more nutrient. It is Indian usage to do certain that the invitee does non acquire up hungry from the tabular array. Besides at the tabular array 1 should utilize the right manus in go throughing nutrient as Indian consider left manus as impure.United kingdom:British people are formal, sophisticated, value privateness and are sensitive.Within UK controlled concern environment, maintain decorousness and avoid familiarity in frock and conversation, volume and cheering is excessively forbidden.Family names and first name are preferred.British people are good negotiants as they are tolerant and good hearers.All right manners and good etiquette are expected at all societal occasions.Gift giving is non a normal usage in UK.( Harris, 2004 & A ; Rodrigues, 2001 )Hofstede ModelCross-cultural survey to happen out the differences in national civilizations, this was done by Hofstede acros s 60 different states which included matched samples of concern employees. These surveies together identified four independent dimensions of national civilization differences. The dimensions explored werePower distance, Uncertainty Avoidance, Individualism verses Bolshevism and Masculinity verses muliebrity. The first of four dimensions discovered by Hofstede is called power distance. Power distance is the extent to which the less powerful member of an organisation or an establishment accept and expect that the power is distributed unevenly( Hofstede, 2001 ) .The basic job which is prevalent here is to what extent in a civilization the grade of inequality between a less powerful single and a high powerful person is expected and accepted. India stands at the 10/11 place in the study with a mark of 77 whereas Great Britain is on the 42/44 place with a mark of merely 35. ( see appendices- ) For illustration– During my SWE the service operation caput of the whole hotel concatenation was really friendly, who was besides the caput of my section. I used to portion my personal jobs with her and even travel out for dinner. This illustration would be farther analyzed in the competences. The 2nd dimension is labeled as uncertainness turning away ( UA ) . It refers to the extent a civilization or organisation prepares its members to experience comfy or uncomfortable in an unstructured state of affairs ( Hofstede, 2001 ) . The issue involved here is the degree to which a civilization or society would accept rigorous Torahs and ordinances over uncertainness and hazard. States or civilizations hiting high on UA have long history and the population is homogenous. Risks even calculated are avoided and new thoughts and constructs are hard to present whereas states on low UA tonss are wholly opposite. Although there is non much of a difference in the ranks given by Hofstede but still India scores a higher rank than Great Britain, besides this dimension does non hold a major function in the nucleus competences. ( see appendices- ) The 3rd is individuality and Bolshevism which is the grade to which a civilization emphasis on that right of an person as compared to those of a group. Countries hiting high on individuality live in the â€Å" I † civilization and strive for personal ends and accomplishments. In such states it is acceptable to prosecute personal ends at the disbursal of other. Whereas a state hiting low in individuality has the â€Å" we † civilization. Individual desires and end could be suppressed for the good of the group. For Example– In UK civilization people ever consider themselves as an Individual, they are more daunted about themselves even if they belong to same household, whereas in India people consider each other as a portion of a group and that ‘s the ground articulation households still exist in Indian society. The last 1 is maleness and muliebrity which refers to the distribution of function between the two genders i.e. male and female. States with high maleness are observed to hold the undermentioned features i.e. Precedences in life for people are achievement, wealth and enlargement. Normally people settle struggles through aggressive means.Women and work forces have different functions in society. OftenProfessionals in these states work for longer hours and short holidaies. Whereas in counties which are low in maleness the followers is observed. Precedences are the household, relationships and quality of life.Conflicts are normally solved though negotiation.Men and adult females portion equal places in society. Masculinity/Femininity are every bit powerful but in regard to Hofstede, 2006 research both India and UK portion common Masculinity civilization as in both of these civilizations societal gender functions are clearly distinguishable. ( see appendices )Hall ‘s ModelThe critical differentiation is made by the anthropologist Edward Hall between high and low- context civilizations and how these contexts have an consequence on communicating. In High Context cultures high context communicating: information is either in the physical context or internalized in the individual with small communicating in the expressed words or message and on the other manus a low context civilization communicating most information is contained in expressed codifications, such as words ( Harris, 2004 ) . High context civilizations depend to a great extent on the external environment, state of affairss, and non-verbal behaviour in making and construing communications. In high context civilizations when persons communicate they try to happen out how much the hearer knows about what is being discussed. Peoples in high context civilizations emphasize on interpersonal relationships, besides developing trust is really of import factor or measure which should be made before get downing a concern. Peoples are collectivized and work on their intuition instead than on grounds and are more indirect every bit good as formal. India is high context civilization. Whereas in Low Context cultures the environment is less of import, and not -verbal behaviour is frequently ignored. While communicating is traveling on the hearer knows nil or small and need to be told about what is being discussed. Peoples in low context civilizations emphasize legal paperss instead than bury personal relationships or trust. Peoples are individualistic and work based on logical logical thinking and non on intuition, besides they are direct and informal. UK is a low context civilization. For illustration– During my SWE I was asked by my co-worker to assist her with the work burden. Alternatively of stating I can non, I said it would be hard. The illustration would be analyzed in the competences countries. The 2nd construct given by Hall was to make with the how different civilizations construction or pull off their clip i.e. polychronic verses the monochronic clip orientation. The polychronic civilizations believe in making many things at one clip and the monochronic civilizations believe in making one undertaking at given point of clip and clip is low-level to interpersonal relationships. UK belongs to monochromic civilization and India is a polychronic civilization.PigeonholingAnother of import factor or variable that the directors in the organisation demand to maintain in head is pigeonholing.â€Å" Stereotypes are set of attitudes that causes us to impute qualities and features to a individual based on the group to which that single belongs. † ( Harris, 2004 ) It fundamentally involves categorising and doing perceptual experiences about people based on one ‘s experiences and it guides one ‘s behaviour towards that group of people in a peculiar manner.TeamworkA squad is a figure of individuals associated in same joint action, while teamwork is described as concerted or co-ordinated attempt on the portion of individuals working together towards the realization of a end ( Harris, 2004 ) . A hotel house can merely last if the employees are ready to work and bring forth an effectual squad. As each and every operation in the cordial reception industry is interrelated to each other. For illustration front office is depended upon housekeeping section for clean suites and eating house is dependent on kitchen for cooking nutrient. Therefore in order to hold a successful multicultural squad member should hold complimentary accomplishments and should believe in favour of the squad. ( illustration see appendices- )CommunicationAll activitie s involve communicating. In the planetary epoch different managerial activities like motivation, taking, dialogue interchanging information etc are all based on the director of one civilization to pass on efficaciously and successfully to people of other civilizations. Communication can non merely verbal or written but besides non-verbal i.e. organic structure linguistic communication, looks etc( Adler, 1997 ) .In international Hospitality and Tourism industries linguistic communication plays a really of import function, as both of these industries include direct guest contact ; good linguistic communication and communicating accomplishments can either do or interrupt the feeling of the organisation – particularly hotels. ( illustration see appendices )Conflict and NegotiationConflict- â€Å" A province of inharmoniousness between incompatible or antithetical individuals, thoughts, or involvements ; a clang † ( www.ANSWER.COM ) Causes of strugglecommunicating failurepersonality strugglevalue differencesend differencesmethodological differencessubstandard public presentationdeficiency of cooperationdifferences sing authorizationdifferences sing dutycompetition over resourcesnon-compliance with regulations( www.geocities.com )These are some of the factors which causes struggle in an on the job environment of an organisation which needed to be resolved through assorted manners and agenciesForceNegotiateBargainAvoidAdjustment and Appease( Mead 1998:2005 ) The most of import tool is negotiation which ‘s is used to decide struggle â€Å" Negotiation is a procedure in which two or more entities come together to discourse common and conflicting involvements in order to make an understanding of common benefit †( Harris, 2004 ). In international concern dialogue, there can be misconstruing due the difference in the civilization to civilization in linguistic communication, cultural conditioning, dialogue manner, attack to job work outing etc. Negotiation plays a really of import function in Hospitality and Tourism Industries, such as dialogue on room rate with invitees and travel agents in different states etc. As India belongs to polychromatic civilization, while taking determinations people from India tend to affect other people ( co-workers ) into the dialogue procedure which makes the procedure longer. This besides confirms the stereotype associated with them. This besides happens as India a leftist and high PDI state. Whereas UK which is monochromatic civilization they see clip as an plus and measure to be scheduled, they emphasize on doing dockets and complete the work or taking the determination in clip. Negotiation can besides be effected by the communicating manner of the state i.e. as explained earlier the construct of high and low context civilizations i.e. misconstruing due to miss of lucidity amongst the two civilizations therefore taking to unsatisfactory consequences of dialogue.Measuring myself- Me, As a directorAfter finishing my brooding pattern assignment and following up the undertakings given to us. After making the Hofstede ‘s mensurating cultural differences approach theoretical account or exercising and I found that I measured maleness more than muliebrity which clarifies that the occupation which is given or I undertake is done to acquire personal sense of achievement and I look for new and ambitious chances for a high success.I would depict my ego as low power distance human being as I would wish to work with those troughs which makes determination by si ng all the employees view points instead doing their ain personal determination I would focused more on Bolshevism instead on Individualism as I look for more chances to better upon my accomplishments and develop new accomplishments by accommodating to new on the job conditions ( see appendices- ) Cultures are usually attributed to groups of people but, within group each person has his/her ain person characters which make the individual stand out from others. I would depict my ego as a good hearer, good perceiver, concerted with employees, Flexible and competitory ( see appendices- ) . These single features make me stand out from other members of different civilizations. The consequences of CCAI indicate that my strongest are is Personal Autonomy and my weakest country is Flexibility/Openness. While tonss in Emotional Resilience and Perceptual Activity about the same. ( see appendices- ) The country in which I lack the most is communicating among different civilizations ; while I can easy manage state of affairss in which things do non travel as per program or state of affairss and in which emphasis and tolerance occurs. I lack in country where I am expected to pass on among different civilizations, despite of the fact that, I would love to pass some clip with people from diff erent civilizations. By bettering my intercultural accomplishments such as communicating i.e. how to respond on different thoughts, people and experiences and I should non concentrate on what other people are stating and making instead do my ain determinations. This will do me a better individual while I am in different civilization and in my ain civilization. Besides I should larn to appreciate different people and disbursals. In the following six months by following up the action program I would better on my communicating accomplishment by reading novels and newspapers and besides at the same clip seek interact and discourse on different issues with people in college whom I usually do n't interact with, as it will besides assist me in appreciating different people as good. Completing this exercising would assist me in covering with different people at my hereafter work topographic point and besides pass oning efficaciously with them. ( see appendices- )Decision and RecommendationsThe chief focal point of this essay was to analyse similarities and unsimilarities among Indian and UK civilizations. This was done though usage of two theoretical accounts of cultural analysis done by Hofstede and Hall. It was realized that both the civilizations are excessively different from each other. As cordial reception and touristry industry are turning at a rapid graduated table and due to globalisation of the concern, t he demand for multicultural employees is increasing, but pull offing employees from wholly different civilizations like in India or UK would be great challenge faced by the directors in the industry. Besides international visitants frequently expect that service suppliers should understand and esteem their imposts, beliefs and civilizations, if non it may take to traverse cultural struggles. Following are the recommendations for UK and India based directors:Cross cultural preparation should be provided to the employees so that they can set in new civilizations. Information about other civilizations should be provided which will take to better understanding amongst the employees and enhanced teamwork.While pass oning with Britishers, Indian people should utilize simple words which are grammatically right should be used and direct communicating should take topographic point as British people belong to a low context civilization and prefer messages/communication to be structured straig ht, that they get immediate to the point and province decisions and bottom line.Proper apprehension of other civilizations and taking appropriate dialogue procedure can bring forth effectual and utile dialogue. A director must happen out the common and the uncommon values of his and opposite numbers civilization in order to carry on effectual and successful dialogue. While negociating between UK and Indian civilizations, directors should take attention of the organic structure languages, Gestures and usage of grammatically right linguistic communication for communications should be used besides, importance of clip should be taken into consideration.Cross cultural preparation should be provided to the employees so that they can set in new civilizations. Information about other civilizations should be provided which will take to better understanding amongst the employees and enhanced teamwork.Another consideration for planetary directors is that they should have/develop good hearing a ccomplishment.BibliographyAdler.N.J, ( 1997 ) , International Dimensions of Organizational Behavior, 4th Edition, South-Western, United States.Abercrombie.N and Warde.A ( 2001 ) , The Contemporary British Society, Black good PublishersLtd, Great Britian.Brislin. W.Richard, ( 1981 ) , Cross Cultural Encounters, Pergamon Press, USA.Brislin.W. Richard and Cushner. K, ( 1996 ) , Intercultural Interactions, 2ed, Sage Publications, USA.Barker. C. ( 2002 ) , Making Sense of Cultural Studies, Sage Publications, London.Conflict: Definition, Synonyms, from answers.com ( online ) cited on 2 November URL: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.answers.com/topic/conflictFrancesco, A. M. & A ; Gold, B. A. ( 2005 ) International Organizational Behavior: Texts, instances and exercises Upper Saddle Row, New Jersey, Pearson/Prentice Hall.Grazia. V. ( 1981 ) , The Cultural Of Content, University of Cambridge, CambridgeHooker.J, ( 2003 ) , Working Across Cultural, Standford University Press, Califonia.Hofs tede.G, ( 1985 ) , The Cultural Relativity of Organizational Practises and Theories, London.Harris. P. , Robert.T. M & A ; Sarah. V. M, 2004, Pull offing Cultural Differences – Global Leadership Strategies for twenty-first century, 6th Edition, Elsevier, London.Hodgetts. R, Luthans. F, Doh. J, 2006, International Management – Culture, Strategy, and Behavior, 6th Edition, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Ltd, New Delhi.Hofstede. G, 2001, Culture ‘s Consequences, 2nd Edition, Sage Publications, LondonKwintessential ( 2008 ) , Intercultural Training ( online ) cited on 3 December URL: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.kwintessential.co.uk/cultural-services/intercultural-training.htmlMead, R. 1998 International Management: Cross Cultural Dimensions 2nd edition Cambridge MA. Blackwell PublishersMead, R. 2005 International Management: Cross Cultural Dimensions 3rd edition Cambridge MA. Blackwell PublishersRodriguez. C, 2001, International Management – A cult ural Approach, 2nd Edition, South-Western College Publication, United KingdomRobinson. M. ( 1999 ) , Cultural Conflicts In Tourism Inevitablity and Inequality, CAB Publication, USASchneider.C.Susan. and Basoux Louis.J, ( 1997 ) , Pull offing Across Cultural, Prentice Hall, Europe. Storry.M and Childs. P. ( 1997 ) , British Cultural Identities, Routledge New YorkSamovar. A.Larry and Porter.E. Richard, ( 2003 ) , Intercultural Communication, 10th edition, Thompson Learning, USASingh.Y. ( 2002 ) , Culture Change In India, Rawat Publication, Jaipur.Yokel: Causes of struggle ( online ) cited on 4 November URL: hypertext transfer protocol: //geocities.yahoo.com/causes of struggle

Were the American Colonists Justified in Waging War?

Tymyr Wilson 11/20/12 Mr. Jones U. S HIST. Were the American colonists justified in waging war and breaking away from Britain ? The colonists were in every right, aspect and mind not only justified but also it was about time that they stood of and actually take action against the British. The choice of going to war with them, was the only choice that they had.All diplimatical options that they had ceased to stand a chance against the tyrant Britain. From the very beginning when the colonists felt upset against their mother country and the way that they went about the law making, up until the beginning of the war, they tried all diplimatical options that they had by sending letters. When they didn’t work then they had no other means but to declare war. It was said and is very true, that the British gave a lot to the colonists and we see such helpings as in the French and Indian war.The British gave up a lot of troops and money and numerous others in fighting that war that the l east that the colonist could do is to pay the taxes. Well they do have a good right to say that since they were the contributing factor in the colonists being safe from the French and Indians. The people in the end should go about daily lives and pay the normal taxes but you do have to draw the line somewhere. The American colonists were justified in waging war and breaking away from Britain because of unjust laws, a King of tyranny, and both violating searches and officials.These things outraged the colonists in different ways. Forcing them to unite together and rebel against Britain, hence leading to Revolutionary War. First off, Parliament imposed many unjust laws they believed that Britain had the right to impose laws to regulate trade. However contrast the introduction of The Stamp Act was purely to gain revenue. The Stamp Act particularly affected lawyers merchants, and editors, as well as the general public parliament can make laws to bind us in all cases. The colonists wishe d to have a leader of respect who could look out for prosperity.The colonists argued that they were unfairly taxed without representation. In contrary there are many different views, concerning the causes of the Revolutionary War. The colonists felt that their privacy was offended and they were being treated inhumane fashion. Intolerable King oppressed the colonists. over the duration of time, there were many occurrences of injuries unlawful seizures. For example once the Sons Of Liberty used mob violence. Stamp agents resigned The Stamp Act was repealed. Parliament asserted with The Delatory Act. They felt it could pass numerous laws to keep control.

Unit V Assignment (Training and Development) Essay

Unit V Assignment (Training and Development) - Essay Example This proposal is rooted on the fact that the demand for software designers is at its peak in the current economy. For this reason, there is a need for training to equip professionals with relevant skills that workforce desires. The apprentice is guaranteed a variety of skills to learn from this program. One of the most prevalent programming languages is the C language, and it is among the skills acquired in the apprenticeship. It turns out that the C programming language is the foundation of many operating systems hence the training equips workforce with latest updates in this area. Another relevant and essential skill from this apprenticeship is mastery of the C++ language. The complexity and convolution of this programming language requires adequate preparation to handle unexpected changes (Sinha, 2009). In addition, this apprenticeship enables mastery of JavaScript with an aim of making the web an interactive place. Next on the list of skills is an understanding and application of HTML. However, the most significant skill developed from this apprenticeship is the language of SQL. This comes from the idea that SQL server developers have skills, which are in high demand, and comes with better job prospects than any other programming language. The entire process of training deems to follow a definite path. With the apprentice’s development in mind, the apprenticeship focuses on dividing classes according to various programming languages, and allows employees specialize on what they best understand. The process of training then ensures that employees are more committed to success in respective jobs (Sinha, 2009). It instills on employees a sense of confidence and the ability to handle various challenges. Even though all programming languages are essential for an all-round computer programmer, this apprenticeship ensures a clear

Cuban Revolution of 1959 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cuban Revolution of 1959 - Research Paper Example Varadero and Havana were the Rich and Famous’ resort and casinos, gambling as well as prostitution, were commonplace. Most Cubans particularly on the rural areas however lived in an environment of atrocious repression and they experienced extreme poverty, they were uneducated and there were many illnesses among them among them. Cuban dictator Batista was in power during this time and his regime was very cruel and the peasants greatly suffered under this very difficult political situation, which greatly concerned Fidel Castro and he started planning on overthrowing Batista’s dictatorship (Habanera, 1). The Cuban Revolution started with the Moncada Barracks’ failed attack by Fidel Castro together with his brother Raul, on July 26, 1953. Castro expected the soldiers of Batista to be inebriated and stuporous when his revolutionary’s band would surprise them at dawn. He had 160 men and prepared them to attack the barracks’ main post. However, they ex perienced a terrific failure at Moncada and Batista forces either killed or captured almost all of the rebels. Together with the members of his band, Fidel Castro was arrested and they underwent trial and were convicted. During his trial on October 16, 1953, Castro presented a famous speech entitled History Will Absolve Me as a legal defense of himself, which became a major revolutionary document (Faria, 4 ). Faria further explains that the presiding judge specifically sentenced them to be imprisoned in the terrible old fortress prison of La Cabana where they would serve a sentence of fifteen years. However, Ramon Hermida, the Cuban Minister of the Interior, directed that they be sent to the newest Modelo Prison where they were treated favorably as political prisoners. After two years only, Batista pardoned Castro and his conspirators in a general amnesty release as a sign of national reconciliation. His supporters welcomed him as a hero and he organized his followers and formed the 26th of July Movement, in remembrance of Moncada attacks, before running away to Mexico for his safety, where he started training an army in preparation to wage a guerilla war against his rival Batista (Jacob & Wong, 3). During the same time during which the 26th of July Movement was created, various groups also increased their endeavors against the government of Batista – groups such as those connected to the former political parties stepped up their efforts in opposition to the regime of Batista. Additionally, angry at the refusal of Batista to consent to new and just elections in the ‘Civic Dialogue’ that he had held with his democratic rivals, The University Student Federation established the secret Directorio Revolucionario, which would assist them to fight Batista’s government more violently and more directly. In Mexico, Castro and his brother brought together the 26th of July’s supporters and members abroad, who engaged themselves in trainin g, collecting arms as well as raising money in preparation to attack Batista (Babun & Triay, 3). On December 2, 1956, in company with 82 others, Castro landed in Cuba using a small yacht called Granma. This was two days behind the schedule and a fighter plane that a naval frigate had set upon unfortunately spotted them, which forced them to dock at a swamp called Playa los Corolados (Babun & Triay, 4).

The Importance of First Hand Information Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Importance of First Hand Information - Essay Example It is necessary to note that history is among those fields that are diverse, and its objectives and goals are clearly distinguished. History can make us understand the situations of the past in different countries because they reflect the character of the nation. In addition, history enables us to be acquainted with the prophets’ biographies as well as policies and the dynasties of rulers in the past (Khaldun, 1989). Therefore, the essence of the paper is to discuss the importance of first-hand information. Moreover, it focuses on Khaldun’s criterion for accepting first-hand information, his arguments, as well as the standards he uses to evaluate historical information. Khaldun argued that there is very little effort undertaken to unearth the truth of the past in history. Mistakes and unsupported assumptions are common elements found in past historical events. Khaldun added that blind trust in tradition is a common trait in a man. He holds the notion that nobody is courageous to stand up against the truth authority, and, therefore, there is a need to fight speculations about the past and deceitful information in history through first-hand information. He opined that it takes time and commitment to look critically at the hidden truth. Furthermore, he acknowledges that it takes knowledge and proper understanding to bring out the truth about the past as well as polishing it so that critical insight can be used. In addition, he noted that first-hand information could provide deep understanding of history and concrete explanation of the genesis and causes of things that currently exist. Moreover, it would provide deep understanding of why and how events occurred (Khaldun, 1989). Historical information requires credible sources and diverse knowledge. It also needs thorough and an excellent mind. However, having these

Departmental Meeting Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Departmental Meeting Report - Essay Example On Wednesday the 17th of September, we held a department care plan meeting together with the MDS coordinator, the nurse and social worker to discuss the discharge plans with patients. Four patients were scheduled for discharge three of which were males and one female. Patients were brought to the meeting on their wheel chairs. After everyone present introduced themselves the meeting began and the pre-discharge plans were discussed. The therapist addressed the various issues the patients as well as every other member might need to know while the social worker addressed the plan of discharge including preparation for discharge. It was noted for instance the patients could need walkers as the go home. Overall care plan was also discussed in the meeting under the coordination of the nurse. Issues stressed included the importance of individualized informal meetings with patients and their families at different stages of their care plan which should focus on rehabilitation so as to guarantee a safe professional discharge for patients. Teamwork is very important for success of care plans and the importance of interdepartmental meetings was noted as a strategy to foster a team approach at haven discharge plans with each patient, informing patients of their recovery stage as well as how they are progressing with therapy. We also discussed collaborating with patients’ families to share information as not all the patients were given the date of discharge. This was informed by the fact that discharge date and communication of such information to patients depends on their stage of therapy and as such only those patients deemed ready were given the discharge

There is no topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

There is no topic - Essay Example By utility, Bentham meant anything that would produce happiness or pleasure for the majority of people, and anything that would mitigate suffering or pain. According to utilitarianism, everyone likes pleasure and resents pain, and thus this forms a basis for political and moral judgement. As such, the major point of utilitarianism is to weigh the costs against the benefits of any action before undertaking it (Sandel 32). Bentham’s utilitarianism led to a rise of objections, most of which were concentrated on the impact of utilitarianism on the human rights. The first objection is that utilitarianism holds no value for the rights of individuals. It is argued that this approach cares about the total benefit of individuals in a given situation. It is, therefore, likely to overlook the rights of individuals that could be stamped upon to ensure pleasure for the others. The second objection against utilitarianism is that it assumes that all moral goods can be translated into one sin gle currency. In this case, it means that something is lost in the translation as the definitions of good vary across societies and perceptions (Sandel 32). The issue of economic inequality has been in the limelight in the U.S. with the country’s wealth being in the hands of a few individuals while a majority of the population living from hand to mouth (Sandel 58). The debate goes as far as to the Congress where some believe that the rich should be taxed to offer equal opportunities for economic growth for the poor. However, others believe that such favour taxation is not necessary given that the rich used legal and appropriate methods to acquire their wealth. From the utilitarianism point of view, seems a good idea as it increases the utility of the larger population who are to benefit from the taxes. As such, the taxes imposed on the rich may not affect them as they form a minute fraction of their wealth. However, there are

The 21st Century Lifestyle in G20 Countries is Bad for Your Health Article - 1

The 21st Century Lifestyle in G20 Countries is Bad for Your Health - Article Example stress upon maternal health and also include eradication of severe poverty and hunger, universal primary education (helps in creating awareness through the basis lessons regarding health), Combat HIV, Malaria and other ailments, ensure a sustainable ambience and building global alliances or partnerships for overall development. Emerging economies of the world like China, India, Brazil and South Africa still depend on assistance from foreign developed nations in order to meet the health needs of its people. The major health concern for the G-20 countries in meeting the Millennium Development Goals is to combat infectious diseases like AIDS and malaria (Robertson, 2010). Leaving aside Brazil, all other G-20 countries have significantly failed in curbing the spread of AIDS. Moreover apart from the spread of AIDS, chronic diseases like diabetes, and fatal diseases like cardiac ailments and cancer are also increasingly affecting the people in the emerging economies (Garrett & Alavian, 201 0). Obesity is spreading fast as a symptom of health crisis. It is a significant problem for mostly the developed nations but the developing countries are also catching up. Three of the G20 nations have an obesity rate above 30 percent. These are United States with 46.5 percent of its population suffering form obesity, Argentina with 37.6 percent and Mexico with 35.5 percent. Across the world above one billion adult population are overweight and the obesity rates have risen three fold or beyond in regions of North America, East Europe and the Middle East mainly due to lack of proper nutrients and reduced level of physical activities. Seven amongst the G20 nations have obesity rates above 25 percent. These include Saudi Arabia (29.7 %), â€Å"Australia (28.8 %), Canada (25.6%) and the United Kingdom (25%)† (The Globalist, 2010) Obesity poses great risk for chronic diseases like type two diabetes, cardiovascular disease, strokes, hypertension and sometimes, even cancer. Countries l ike

Foundation of Western Civilization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Foundation of Western Civilization - Essay Example The earlier Greeks could come up with a question about the nature of the world and look for an answer that was entirely independent on the supernatural powers this set the pace for the then intellectual revolution. They question the origin of the world and by so doing ignited what is now science and also ignited philosophy. The great leadership with morals in the west had foundation in the people of antique, in those early days the Hebrews introduced some ideas, their god was very powerful and could destroy whenever he wants however he was open to persuasion and subject to good morals he will however destroy those who stray from the moral standard within the society. This was borrowed to today with leaders always having to pass the moral test if they have to be elected. The Jewish religion had also impact on the west. Their God was neither superhuman nor like human beings but of high stature in comparison to human beings. They brought in righteousness into western culture, they believed that god is a righteous god and he is just and fair to forgive, if one repents the sins he will be forgiven. The prophets tell people to be righteous so that they can be saved from the punishment from God. This Jews religion and tradition brought morality to the west that is still the mode up to today. These believe in Gods power and righteousness is still part of the western culture and heritage. In Jews religion we are the children of God and this brought a different view of mankind as being children of God. The Greeks started thinking and not attributing everything to gods, they start curing diseases and reasoned that they were caused by natural causes and not curses or being from gods. From that foundation research and development in medical fields kicked off. The Greeks became to say that laws are made by humans and not from gods they start to make laws that helped control human beings and keep them within the

Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Religion - Essay Example Christianity believes in the existence of one God, who is the Alfa and omega (Herbert 45). Christians believe that God is the one who made everything possible on earth after creating them in 6 days and resting on the 7th day. Buddhism on other hand is a religion which originated in Nepal, India. In Christianity, their place of worship includes: chapel, church, basilica, cathedral, personal dwellings and home bible studies (Herbert 22). For Christianity, God can be worshipped anywhere, weather in church or not. When it comes to Buddhism, places of worship include; monasteries, pagodas, nunneries and temples. It is estimated Buddhism to have existed since 2500 years ago whereas Christianity’s time of origin is estimated at 33AD (Herbert 53). In relation to the goal of religion, Buddhism aims at attaining Enlightment so as to be released from what they term as they cycle of death and rebirth in order to attain Nirvana (Herbert 67). When it comes to Christianity, the religion aims to loving God plus obeying his commandments, gets saved through Jesus Christ in order for one day to enter the Kingdom of heaven. According to Buddhism, human beings have the ability to possess anger, greed, ignorance, delusion, cravings and so many other qualities. Such individuals with negative abilities are referred in the religion as ‘fools† (Herbert 78). Buddhism preaches that those who would not have walked the Eightfold Path are those referred to as ordinary people. In contrast, in Christianity, they believe in the concept that man is always born by sin which was original created when Adam and Eve ignored God’s authority in the Garden of Eden. It is hence through salvation that’s one sin’s are washed away by the blood of Jesus. Those who would not have been saved by death will head to hell (Herbert 90). Buddhism has their God named as Brahma or Avalokitesvara whereas in Christianity, God has so many names: God, Yahweh, Gott, Dios, Gud, Eli,

Dance Elements Essay Example for Free

Dance Elements Essay Literal meaning of the word kathak is related to katha, the art of story-telling, â€Å"Katha Kahe So Kathaka Kahave†, which means â€Å"one who tells a story is a story-teller†. According to M. Monier Williams, Katha denotes conversation, story, speech, tale or fable. Katha also means to ‘ sing in praise’, ‘to say or inform something’. Thus, kathakars were originally a caste of story-tellers who were attached to temples in certain parts of Northern India. These kathakars used to go around the countryside narrating the stories of the Epics and other Legends. The modes employed were poetry, music and dance. All these three arts were closely inter-linked. The aim of kathaks was to educate the people in the knowledge of Gods and Mythological Legends. Historically kathak dates back to the Vedic period which are full of descriptions and stories which give us an insight into the mind of those who wrote or composed jthem. Kathak dance is evolved from religious and mythological concepts. In Ramayana period, we can see many glimpses of music and dance. The Ramayana tells the story of an ideal heroic prince Rama of Ayodhya and his devoted wife Sita. This ancient tale has been treasured and retold for countless generation in every Hindu house; they worshipped Rama as the seventh incarnation of Lord Vishnu. In Ramayana we find a mention of recitors who were specialised in story-telling. Lava and Kusha, the two brave sons of Rama rendered Ramayana in verses composed by Sage Valmiki. While reciting the stories, they also added the element of acting-Abhinaya. From that time nomadic bards who narrated the Ramayana were known as ‘Kushilavas’. As a matter of fact, the term kushilavas has been associated with dancers and actors. Likewise, many mythological stories were depicted through gestures, postures and abhinaya. The another story of Ramayana which tells us that how Ravana, the king of Lanka worshipped Lord Shiva with song and dance. Also the story of Ravana assaulting Rambha, one of the main Apsaras. According to Kapila Vatsyayan, in Ramayana, the Apsaras are the most important mythological characters who danced and performed both in heaven and earth. There are various other instances like the stories of the grand act of breaking Shiva’s bow in â€Å"Sita Swayamvar†, the evil plotting of Kaikayee, the Banishment of Rama to a fourteen-year exile, Sita’s kidnapping by Ravana and the war that ensued leading to Rama’s victory and Sita’s rescue. Thus, Ramayana is rich in incident and moral concept. We come across many references to perfomances of dances from the Mahabharata. In this period, worship and adoration of Bramha, Vishnu and Mahesh started with music and dance. Krishna is the ‘Sutradhara’ (around whom the entire Mahabharata developed) and he was an expert dancer. The Mahabharata depicts episodes of Krishna’s life that how he is adopted and raised by a family of cowherds. The stories of his childhood of stealing butter and milkmaids known as â€Å"MakhanChori†. His dance of his youth with Radha and Braj narees is known as â€Å"Rasa Lila†. His spiritual love dance with Gopis or Milkmaids by the bank of Yamuna river in moonlit night is known as â€Å"MahaRaas†. The story of â€Å"Kaliya Daman† which tells us how Krishna defeated the poisonous snake Kaliya and danced on his hoods. The story of â€Å"Govardhan Dharan† which tells us how krishna picked and hold the Govardhan mountain to protect the people of Vrindavan from heavy rain. Another important episode of Mahabharata is known as â€Å"Vastraharan†, in which Krishna saves the honour of the Pandava Queen Draupadi. The story goes that Dushasana, one of the Kaurava brothers attempted to humilate her by disrobing her. Draupadi called out to Krishna to save her and miraculously, as layer after layer of her saree was pulled, the number of sarees went on increasing. This episode is a popular theme in Kathak dance. Mahabharata also depicts the story of the five Pandava brothers who were unjustly deprived of their kingdom by their cousins, the kauravas, and of the great battle of Kurukshetra that established the victory of the Pandavas after much suffering and bloodshed. The Mahabharata also describes Krishna’s role as the Charioteer of Arjuna during the battle of Kurukshetra, and his conversation on the battlefield constitutes the text of the Bhagavad-Gita, the celebrated philosophical work. Thus, it is clear that by the time of Mahabharata, the arts of music and dance developed sufficient content, form, style to be taught in a systematic order. The training also seems to be elaborate with rules and regulations. Natyashastra is an encyclopedic work having 36 chapters and it deals with various topics such as the first 3 chapters deal with the origin of Natya, construction of theatre, Rangapooja, etc. , 4th and 5th chapters deal with the varieties of Dance. The 6th and 7th deal with Rasa and Bhava. From the 8th chapter of the 15th one, the different poses of Dance are being dealt with. The different aspects of Abhinaya are described in 15 to 22 and from 22nd to 28th describe the costumes elaborately. The chapters from 28th to 34 deal with music and musical instruments and the last two deal with the different characters and costumes. Natyashastra also describes the divine character and dance of the Nataraja, the dancing Lord Shiva who is considered the king of actors and dancers and also the supreme Lord of Dance. The moon which he adorns in his head is the symbol complete control of his senses. The serpents wound around his body is the proof of his complete control over vital life forces. His foot raised high over the wicked demon, a symbol of victory over the ego. This divine art form is performed by Shiva and his wife Goddess Parvati. The Dance performed Lord Shiva is known as â€Å"Tandava†, which depicts his violent nature as the destructor of the Universe. The Dance performed by Goddess Parvati is known as â€Å"Lasya†, in which the movements are gentle, graceful, erotic and it is also called the feminine version of Tandava. Therefore, according to Kapila Vatsyayan, Bharata attributes to dancing a divine origin, a literary and religious heritage both in thought and technique and aesthetic secular purpose. It has also been mentioned in Natyashastra, how to interpret the different moods of man accompanied by Bhava, Raga and Tal – all directed to create rasa or emotion in the spectators who are called â€Å"Rasikaas†. From the 7th and 8th century, â€Å"Sangeet† occupied a prominent place in the society. The art of sculptures also made great strides and most of the sculptures depicted various dance poses. Temples were the places of origin whereas the dancers or the priests danced in praise of the Lord enacting various mythological stories. Temples sprang up where the devotees gathered to pray to the Almighty God or hear stories about Him. The Temple connection is well established as can be seen in the art of â€Å"Kathavachakas† who carry on the tradition to this day in the North in the Temple boundaries and in open spaces. With the passage of time, in the medieval period, the Bhakti movement influenced all over India. The vast spiritual empire established by Vaishnavism in the North embraces life in its totality. The fine arts found a fuller expression by the 15th and the 16th centuries A. D. Literature, music, dance, painting and other fine arts flourished with the patronage extended by the temples, priests and devotees. In particular the Rasa Lilas in Braj and the neighbouring areas of Mathura in the North sustained the tradition that centered round Vishnu and his recognization as Krishna. The Bhakti movement inspired a whole new school of poetry, dance and music. Krishna and radha are the presiding deities of Vaishnavism and it was on the basis of Leelas of Krishna that precious and distinctive art heritage of Vaishnavism was built up. Mirabai, Surdas and Tulsidas for e. g. wrote powerful devotional verses on longing and separation, expressing the yearning of the human soul for union with God. They chosen the themes was the love of radha for krishna. Krishna Leela though brought out in high relief by Vaishnavism but it had its origin in the past and it can be traced easily to the periods of Mahabharata and Bhasa. In Braj, the Rasa lila’s developed as a combination of music, dance and narration that was used to enact the Krishna Legends – especially the Radha-Krishna idea and stories of Krishna’s youth with the gopis or milkmaids. Hence, the earliest compositions in kathak were based on the religious and stylised music of North India, notably the Dhrupad, Keertan, Hori, Dhamar, Pad and Bhajan. According to Mohan Khokar, Keertans are similar style to dhrupad, but they may, unlike the latter, also be sung in chorus. Keertan is a spiritual practice belonging to the path of Bhakti (devotion). Keertan more specifically means the chanting of sacred sounds or mantras. The Rasa Lila miracle plays of Braj were formerly staged to the accompaniment of keertan music only. Keertans were meant both for singing and dancing. Whereas Bhajans are strictly devotional songs and are in praise of deities such as Krishna, Shiva, Rama, Ganesha, Durga, etc. The songs are rendered in ragas, but improvised tunes are also freely used. Stories and episodes from scriptures, the teachings of saints and description of Gods have all been the subject of Bhajan. Bhajans of Mirabai, Tulsidas, Surdas, Kabir, the Ashtachhap poets and other composers are a part of kathak repertoire. Some of the Famous Bhajans of Mirabai is the following: â€Å"Baso more nanun mein nandlal, Mor mukut makrakrit kundal, arun tilak diyo bhal, Mohni murat – saavari surat, naina bane bisaal, Adhar sudha – ras murli rajat, ur baijanti maal. Chhudra ghantika kati tat sobhit, nupur sabad rasaal, Mira’ prabhu santan sukhdai, bhagat – bachhal gopal† With the advent of the Mughals, the Hindustani music underwent a drastic change. The stylised music absorbed the Mughal influence in a remarkable manner. The dancers moved from the temple courtyard to the palace dubar and this necessitated changes in presentation as Muslim kings could not enjoy the bhava of Bhakti Rasa. Kathak received encouragement at the hands of Nawabs and Rajas. Whereas formerly it was religious and devotional in mood and temperament, now it turned into a means of entertainment. The forms like Thumri, Dadra, Ghazal evolved and became a part of the Hindustani music. The word â€Å"Thumri† has been derived from a combination of two terms i. e. ‘thumak’ (or the chaal) and ‘rijhana’ (or to please). Thus, together meaning graceful stamping of the foot. Thumri is a verse that has Krishna and Radha or Krishna and Gopi’s as its central theme. It is essentially based on the divine romance portraying both aspects of separation and union. The last Nawab of Oudh, Wajid Ali Shah was an accomplished dancer and musician. He composed thumries in classical style and these were sung by the kathak dancers. His contemporaries and the court musicians like Kadarpiya, Akhtar Piya, Lallan Piya, Sikandar Piya and others contributed to its popularity. Although he was a muslim, he liked the Radha-Krishna themes. He himself presented a dance on the Rasa Lila which he called ‘Rahas’. His famous thumries are the following: â€Å"Babul mora nehar chhuto jaye, Chaar kahar mil, doliya uthave, Apna begana chhuto jaye. † Another Thumri: â€Å"Jab chod chale lucknow nagri, Tab hale ‘ali’ par kya guzri, Mahal mahal mein begum rove, Jab hum guzre duniya guzri. † According to PeterLamarche Manuel, Bindadin Maharaj is regarded as one of the most important figures in the development of Thumri as well as Kathak. The kathak Masters Bindadin and his brother Kalka Prasad composed Thumries that were suitable for kathak dancing. Some of the famous Thumri of Bindadin Maharaj is the following: â€Å"Mohe chhedo na, nand ki suno challa, Badi der bhai, ghar jane de mohe.

A Look At Marriage In Malaysia Religion Essay

A Look At Marriage In Malaysia Religion Essay Since long ago, policies of marriage are closely associated with the Malaysians religious customs, race and culture of different ethnic groups in the society. With reauthorization of the bill looming, much of the policies and cultures have been debated and has shifted on the questions of how best to build on this success of the marriage. Regarding the nature of marriage in Malaysia, established custom and tradition has been maintained and preserved by many families. The question here is that, is there any change in the policies which leads to the challenge of such tradition? Here, we would look at how such policy changes impact the people in various countries. Comparison within countries will be made. In Malaysia, there are two types of marriages which are practiced and governed differently under different pieces of legislations and policies. Thus, for easier understanding, both types of marriages will be discussed differently and separately. Marriage in Malaysia In the Malaysia position, there are two categories of the marriage procedures, namely the Islamic procedure for Muslim couples and the civil procedure for non-Muslims. Primarily, both types of marriages are different from each other in terms of custom, cultural and beliefs as well as their procedural regulations. For Muslims marriage, the Syaria Law will govern onto them and also their customary practices. While for the non-Muslims marriage, which also known as the civil marriage, the particular law will govern them which is the Law Reform (Marriage and Divorce) Act 1976. While a formal process of marriage registration is required, wedding ceremonies are typically also conducted in accordance to the couples culture, tradition or religious customs. Policies Of Marriages The policy in marriages means the aspects applied, considered and practiced by the people in the society. These policies may includes aspects likes the historical background of the culture of each society, lifestyle of the peoples in their society, religious cultures and influenced, economic, human desires and needs and other aspect. According to al-Ghazali, pleasure is the attaining of the object of desire, while desire is the souls inclination to possess the object of its yearning (shawq). When sensitive and rational faculties function well, they are accompanied by a glow, as it were; such radiance is called pleasure by Aristotle. Hedonism asserts that pleasure does not differ in kind or quality. For hedonists, pleasures differ only in degree or quantity, and in duration or intensity; hence their propagation of the expansion of the sensate life. In reality, however, pleasures are of different kinds, and they differ as do the human activities they accompany. Pleasures are of three kinds. Firstly, pleasure related to the life of the mind, such as the pleasures of learning, scientific investigation, intellectual contemplation, and wisdom. Secondly, the biological pleasure, which is common to man and the other animals, such as eating, drinking and sex. Thirdly, the socio-political pleasure, such as the lust for conquest or the desire for social position. Of the three kinds of human pleasure, however, the noblest and the most exclusive to him is the pleasure related to the life of the mind, which endures forever and is rewarded by everlasting bliss in the life to come. According to al-Ghazali, the following eight varieties of pleasure eating, drinking, sex, attire, habitation, smell, hearing and sight are followed in ascending order by the pleasures of social status (jah), accumulation of wealth, rivalry and competition. The uncontrolled desire for the pleasures of eating, drinking and sex are particularly nefarious from the religio-ethical point of view. In relation to these desires, Aristotle and al-Ghazali observe, most men err on the side of excess. As such, training these desires is the starting point of all character building. It is important to note the fact that the last Quranic verse revealed chronologically begins with teaching what are the foods forbidden in Islam, and ending with the statement that God had perfected the religion for those who truly want to submit to Him  [1]  . Likewise, as far as sex is concerned, relations outside of marriage is forbidden. Within the bonds of matrimony, sex practised in moderation is essential. Indeed, marriage is instituted for the preservation of the species and the prevention of diseases which otherwise can harm the body that has no lawful outlet for sexual desire. Through the institution of marriage, one is enabled to satisfy the urgent de ­Ã‚ ­mand of sexual desire. Upon marriage, one enters new challenges, which of providing for a family through lawful earnings, of fulfilling the rights of spouse and offspring, and of tolerating the weaknesses of each other. This requires that the issue of the basic material needs of poor families is adequately addressed in socio-economic policy. In addition, a reform has been a huge success, if measured by reductions in caseloads with regard to the policy and cultural in marriage in Malaysia. With regard against the cultural and policy in marriage in Malaysia position, there are several of policies and cultural which been adopted and developed or changes. In addition, these policies and cultural in marriage matters, have been adopted and practiced by the people in the society for quite long duration of times. Thus, these policies and cultural in marriage matters may be consider as the policies and customary law in the ambit of marriage in Malaysia. Marriage Culture The culture of marriage was starts with high ideals, the secular education movement sought to help the common person by extending its social program through high school. Everyone was urged to finish high school. The business of education grew as other business grew with it. Agribusiness pushed people off of the small farm, while the attractions of the city, the sophistication of higher culture, and the new corporate economic growth drew people into the cities. Then the pressure was on to attend college. Courses were gradually dumbed down in order to accomodate the droves of young people who are culturally trained in them and for them. Education was billed as the path to success, and it was true, if over stated. Competition in the work force led many to seek higher degrees still, postponing marriage in many cases well past their sexual prime or desirability. The growth of mass education in this century led to the herding of our young people together with others the same age. More and more, coeducation became the norm at higher and higher age levels. Young people found themselves away from their parents more, and developed romantic relationships, apart from their parents supervision, with friends in high school. Later this was also the case in colleges which were taking in more and more students and were becoming coed. This tended to effect cultural feelings about a the relative difference in age in a young couple. The extended adolesence of our young has proved profitable for these institutions and for other big businesses as well, but it effectively competed with many of the regular people it claimed to help, financially and culturally defrauding them to some extent, if unintentionally. Young women are to be protected, primarily by their fathers. Fathers are traditionally understood to be their authority and protection- the ones who give (them)in marriage to another protector, their future husband. The larger society cannot protect them. Thus our single young women should not move about so freely among young men as is done currently in our fornicating, aborting, single mom culture. Suitors should woo with the girls parents nearby. Parties where marriageable young people meet should be arranged by the parents in the community. It is to be known that the earlier culture in marriage were too restrictive on women and on marriage in general. We of course are so much happier with our progress in fornication, unwanted pregnancies, broken hearts, abortion guilt, enflamed and economically exploited lust, and comercialized exploitation of postponed marriage frustration. Also, the marriage culture earlier, parents can find at least some time for this important phase of their childrens life. I think they had better do something for their children, and not just leave their opportunities completely to the larger culture which does such a poor job.In any case, certainly even arranged marriages, for all their strictness, would be better than our cultures flacidity. Our culture revels in distracting and wasting its youths years of greatest relations and economic strength. Carefully arranged and chaperoned events would improve a girls chances of being courted by serious suitors. Parents can be helpful by keeping it fun and light hearted, or at least casual. They should not make it seem like a big deal, because this will make the young people tense. Acceptance of moderate age difference has been hard to find at coeducational institutions. Young people, naturally influenced by the environment in which they are placed, feel safer and more natural with friends their own age, having been educated for years with their age group, and they care a great deal about what their friends think. Seniors and graduates are embarrased about their attraction to freshmen girls. Potential couples try to tell themselves and others that they are just friends. Parents who themselves where raised in a co-education culture find themselves resistant to older suitors. But in light of earlier traditions where there are no minimum age of a person to get married or been married. Muslims Marriage The Islamic Family Law, which governs the Muslims marriage in Malaysia are likely as the personal status laws and traditions of all religions, has always been problematic as it discriminates against women. Since the late 19th century, Muslim countries exercised ijtihad, reinterpretation of the Quran, in order to redress some of the injustices Muslim women suffer in marriage, polygamy,divorce and issues of custody and guardianship of children. In the post-colonial era, when Muslim countries moved towards the codification of Muslim personal laws through statutory enactments, they adopted a process of selecting and combining differing juristic opinions of different schools of Islamic law (mazhab) in order to partially redress the discrimination against women. In Malaysia, the first major effort at law reform took place in the early 1980s when the Attorney-Generals chambers was appointed to prepare a model enactment to be the basis of a uniform Islamic Family Law to replace the diverse and conflicting legislations of the different states which predated independence. Muslim Family Law Reform In 1984 the Islamic Family Law was codified and passed by Parliament. This law was seen as a progressive law, regarded as one of the best Muslim Family Laws in the world. The positive, gender-sensitive reforms included: Grounds for divorce for women were expanded: 12 grounds for fasakh, (most of them from the Maliki school, because the Shafie school provides limited grounds) including cruelty on 6 different grounds: habitually assaults her or makes her life miserable, or associates with women of evil repute or leads an infamous life; attempts to force her to lead an immoral life,2 disposes of her property or prevents her from exercising her legal rights over it; or obstruct her in observance of her religious obligations or practice if he has more than one wife and does not treat her equitably; Divorce outside the court was made illegal; Polygamy without the permission of the court was made illegal; Five strict conditions to be fulfilled before court can give a man permission to take another wife: just and necessary. Grounds included sterility, physically unfit for conjugal relations, insanity; financial ability to support all wives and dependents, including would be dependents; ability to treat all wives equally; no harm caused to existing wife in respect of religion, life, body, mind, or property; no drop in standard of living, directly or indirectly, of existing wife and dependents; Wife has a right to claim her share of matrimonial assets from her husband even though she has not financially contributed to its acquisition. Her role as wife and mother are considered as contribution that enabled her husband to acquire his assets. This was considered revolutionary, not just in the Muslim world, but also in civil jurisdiction. Other Muslim countries looked at Malaysias law as a model and adopted in particular the division of matrimonial assets provision. Civil Marriage The Law Reform (Marriage and Divorce) Act, 1976 have been drafted in 1976, when the Law Reform (Marriage and Divorce) Act was passed by Parliament (enforced in 1982), the practiced in civil law reform for non-Muslim marriage has been progressive. The major reform of the Law Reform (Marriage and Divorce) Act, 1976 was the banning of polygamy among non-Muslims. Prior to that, non-Muslim men could choose to be polygamous under their respective customary laws. For instances, the Chinese customary law allowed unlimited polygamy. It also allowed Chinese men to unilaterally pronounce divorce on their wives, on any one of seven grounds: Adultery, disrespect to husbands parents, barrenness (i.e. failure to bear a son), talkativeness (nagging), jealousy suffering an infectious disease, The Law Reform (Marriage and Divorce) Act, 1976 have abolished all that and provides for divorce by mutual consent or upon petition by either spouse in an equal divorce process where the grounds for both men and women are: intolerable adultery unreasonable behaviour desertion for not less than 2 years living separately for not less than 2 years. As for the process apply after the coming in force of the Law Reform (Marriage and Divorce) Act, 1976 , this law reform was done in a democratic and consultative manner. A Parliamentary select committee was established and it travelled all over the country to listen to diverse views from the ground before this law was drafted. Guardianship of Infants Act, 1961 Other progressive reforms in civil law governing family matters took place around 1990 are several amendments to the Guardianship Act and the Distribution Act 1961. The Guardianship of Infants Act was amended in 1999 to provide for the father and mother to have equal rights to guardianship of their children. In the past, only the father was the primary guardian of his children. Alas, this amendment only benefited non-Muslims as guardianship of children for Muslims comes under the jurisdiction of shariah law. The constitutional amendment of Article 121(A) made in 1988 which provided that civil court cannot exercise jurisdiction on matters under shariah jurisdiction meant that Muslim women could not benefit from this law reform process as guardianship for Muslims comes under the jurisdiction of the Islamic Family Law. Are Muslim women then supposed to roll over and play dead while their sisters of other faiths advance forward in the pursuit of the Constitutional guarantee for equality before the law? Certainly nobody in government saw it fit to deal with the issue of the guardianship rights of Muslim mothers. This policy decision thus enables Muslim women to enjoy the benefit of law reform that applied only to their non-Muslim. The Distribution Act 1958 The Distribution Act was amended in 1999 to provide for equal inheritance for widows and widowers. Previously, the husband of a deceased woman inherited the whole estate (even her children were excluded from inheritance if she died intestate and was survived by her husband), while the wife of the deceased man inherited only ONE THIRD of his estate if he had children (the other two-thirds were given to his children), or one-half of his estate if he had no children (the other half was given to his other relatives). The amendment provides equal right to inheritance for the husband and wife and also granted children the right to inherit from their mothers as well as from their fathers estate. When laws for non-Muslim women were being amended to grant them equal rights to inheritance and guardianship, even more laws and policies were amended to discriminate against the Muslim women. The Insurance Act was amended in 1996 to provide that the Muslim beneficiary named in an insurance policy acts only as the administrator of the estate, as the deceased insurance monies is to be distributed according to faraid. This means if your husband buys a policy and names you, his wife as the beneficiary in order to protect your wellbeing upon his death, you actually will not be the sole beneficiary of that policy. The monies will be divided according to faraid, the Islamic inheritance rules. Factors of Changes Welfare The relative lack of attention to marriage promotion has prompted numbers of the public to argue and suggests that the government should act much more aggressively to pursue a pro-marriage agenda. The matter of marriage promotion rightly contend that marriage confers a variety of benefits. For example, married women have much lower rates of poverty and are less dependent on the government assistances than single or divorced mothers, and children do best being raised by both biological parents. In general, married parents also have better mental health and are more likely to be civically engaged. Whereby, its means that they have fulfil all the requirements to married. Although promoting marriage is undeniably a laudable aim, whether government have provides sufficient protects for the public interest with fair and just. Also whether it can effectively promote marriage is far from certain. Thus, due to this matter of welfare either of the infants of the marriage or each party in the marriage or even together with the party and the infant, there are changes made with regards in dealing with this matters. The changes for such is to helps poor or inability women and their children lead better lives, if the case that the marriage was dissolve. Sosio-economic The socio-economic context of men and womens lives today has drastically changed since Islams early days and our understanding of these principles needs to accordingly evolve to reflect the justice of Islam, the realities of today and what justice means today. Today, many women earn a living and maintain their families together with their husbands. Divorced or widowed mothers often provide for their children without assistance from ex-husbands or male relatives. One would expect that womens right to inheritance would expand with their responsibilities but unfortunately this has not been the case. Should the daughter who takes care of her ageing parents financially, physically, emotionally and spiritually until their death, get half what her brother inherits, even when he did not lift a finger to help? Should men continue to enjoy privileges when they fail to perform their responsibilities? In Islam, privilege is linked to responsibility. In practically, while mens privileges are recognized and codified into law, their responsibilities are somehow regarded as between them and God, and not for the state to enforce nor to punish them and deny them the privileges should they fail in performing their responsibilities. Development In Society Marriage policies and cultural are as the number of community-level approaches being implemented grows, the need to identify effective strategies also increases. Most research in the area of strengthening marriage focuses on the effects of interventions offered to individual couples. Whereby, the society have develop due to the time pass. Where, it can be said that the thinking and mentality of people in the society are change and develop. Thus, it affects to the changes. Awareness and Responsibility Although some may consider marriage outside the purview of government responsibility, it is increasingly common for government and private agencies to combine efforts to promote healthy marriages. Thus, certain culture and policy in marriage have been changes due to the consistency of such marriage culture and policy with the society and current recent situation. Social Changes They are more likely to move into and out of cohabiting relationships and are substantially more likely to be divorced or remarried than women who wait to have children until after they marry. Specifically, unwed mothers are more likely than other women to be in second or higher order marriages. Where, the internal or the external in social changes which have emphasizes on the impact of some changes into the society. Where, in addition, the social changes are beyond the care and control of the people in the society. Comparison With reference to another country, the comparison and reference made are towards two different types of policies and cultures applied and practiced by two different types of countries. Whereby, comparison and references are towards the English situation, which mostly shows the civil policies and cultures of marriage. Also, to the Islamic countries position, likes Pakistan. Thus, using a well-matched comparison examples from other countries helps to address potential selection bias because factors affecting marriage and divorce should be similar in both types of marriage. English Situation In English situation, it is known that in marriage, without hesitation that the feminist era of the Sixties ruined American women. He declares with no affection that when women started to claim their rights, the husband was forgotten. American women were given the ability to say no to their husbands. Larry is a firm believer in the Christian doctrine that the man rules the roost, and the wife should look to her man for guidance in all things, spiritual and otherwise. There are two kinds of marital paths or ideologies. Traditional views include the typical view of a family, which stresses steadiness and commitment in a framework generally accepted by the society in which one lives.. Therapeutic views focus instead on the feelings of gratification arising from love and emotional interactions. Those believing in a traditional view of marriage, most often espoused by men seeking foreign brides for marriage, often believe in the importance of time-honored institutions and value a certain amount of stability and predictability in relationships. The more therapeutic view, also known as the ideology of uncertainty, thrives on change and the ability to experience individual freedoms as well as sharing them within a family structure. Most people term the former old-fashioned and the latter modern. Also, that the demographic of age of a person mostly getting married, which, although sent equally to all age groups-was between 30 and 60, leaning to over 45. They were aware of the strong family values component to the culture. There is usually a strong father figure, and the entire family participates in the keeping the family unit stable. The policy and culture in the English situation are also practiced the sequence in sibling of each family. Where, the younger sibling will respect the elder to get married before they do. In their culture also, couples from different cultures get into relationships for the same reasons intracultural couples do. Two factors that strongly influence the facilitation of intercultural relationships are both a strong sense of ethnic identity and a profound interest in other cultures and similar education and socioeconomic status. Although the former, strong ethnic identity and interest in other cultures can make one more apt to get into an intercultural relationship, if one member is more educated or higher up in a social hierarchy, the less likely they are to marry out of their culture.   In other words,  the rules change. The problem is with marriage itself. Once relationships are built on force and what one has to do, they are no longer love relationships. People dont like to be forced. The policies and cultures in marriage in English   are slowly changing, even if some things stay the same. Their gender roles have been affected by the feminist movement, just as the industrial revolution, the rise of the labour laws, more technology at home, and the post-World War II boom changed the American family. As the woman was released from having to work in factories and better technology offered more leisure time and more focus on the children, the policies and cultural in English country changed.   Recently in currents days, in a post-feminist era where typically both partners in a marriage work and must do so to maintain their standard of living, the sharing factor becomes more evident and is desired by both male and female, as clearly indicated in my survey. Men and women alike in great numbers overwhelmingly want trust and sharing from their partner. They are looking for a best friend who understands them. Thus, from the above reference in English situation, it may be conclude that,  as long as both parties agree to the basic structure of what marriage is and should be, the partnership is more likely to be successful, no matter where the individuals were born. The people in the society who are more modern and progressive in their thinking can take heart in the findings suggest that both men and women in the English are seeking best friends, trust, understanding, and a commitment to sharing in relationship. Now that they have agreed on what they want, all they have to do is commit to being those things. Islamic Countries Main characteristics of Muslim marriage culture are consent of the competent parties, presence of witnesses and dower (Mehr) to wife. No ceremony or ritual is required for a valid Muslim marriage contract. However, Muslims observe colourful marriage customs is different parts of the world depending upon their local cultures. Most of the wedding customs are innocent in nature while some are against basic principles of Islamic marriage jurisprudence. The Muslim marriages are famous for the best in inviting and welcoming the guests. This kind of Muslim marriage culture provides people a chance to entertain guests in bulk and strengthen their social bonds. Not only bride, groom and their families but also neighbors and their friends enjoy marriage event with different rituals. Muslim marriage culture is famous for the best in inviting and welcoming the guests. Wedding customs give them a chance to entertain guests in bulk. Muslim marriage can take place at any convenient time. Also the marriage venue can be the bride or grooms house. In Muslim marriage policies and culture, couples may contract a marriage at any place and time in Muslim marriage culture. Some prefer night hours but there is no legal or religious restriction. Marriage may take place at any venue including bride or grooms house. However, generally the wedding ceremony takes place at brides place. Following common practices are observed in Muslim marriage culture: The wedding ceremony starts with delivery of a sermon by a Qazi or Imam. Though his services are not required at all for a valid Muslim marriage contract but traditionally no Muslim marriage is conducted without such a sermon. In Pakistan Nikah registrars not only register the marriages but also deliver the sermon. It not only gives a sacred character to the marriage but also helps the families to announce the marriage. A sermon may even be delivered by someone from the families of bride or groom. Pakistans Situation Generally, in Pakistani and Indian marriage cultures the Muslim family of a groom searches for the bride. Quran and Islamic marriage jurisprudence does not accept a marriage conducted without free consent of the parties. But the families used to ignore consent of the parties for one reason or the other. However, the advent of information technology and developments made by the media has been forcing the elders of the families to take a back seat. Now, in most of the case you can dictate your terms as an adult. But you still cant avoid the customs and traditions of your society if you are from the sub-continent. And I dont think that there may be some good reason to avoid these traditions. They may not have any importance in Islamic jurisprudence but they can make your marriage extremely colorful. The marriage customs in Pakistani and Indian Muslim marriage cultures are similar. Such similarities in followers of different religions with their individual religious flavor. But in case of Muslims the marriage customs are akin across the borders. (Wedding related customs in All Muslim marriage cultures) As in Pakistani and Indian marriage cultures the Mangni is essential not only in the Muslim families but also in non-Muslim ones. It equates to the ceremony of engagement in North America with all out local colors. It is exchange of rings between the marriage partners. Generally, grooms family visits the house of bride first and puts a ring in her finger. Then it is turn of the brides family to do the same. Now the modern families are allowing their children to exchange their rings in a single ceremony but most of the people are still going with the tradition. In Pakistani and Indian marriage cultures and Islamic laws does not allow the marrying parties to have any kind of relationship. It neither creates any right nor duties. It is only after valid Nikah that they become legally husband and wife. If engagement is broken by any of the party, it does not affect the parties anyway. However, the parties prefer to return whatever they have got as gifts. The order is not fixed. The families may decide to change the order of observing the customs as for their convenience. Traditionally, in Pakistani and Indian marriage cultures, only unmarried women apply Mehndi and turmeric pastes to brides. The Mehndi is also applied to grooms hands. After this ceremony the bride is not allowed to leave her house until the wedding takes place. She can go to beauty parlor on the wedding day along with women of her family. Conclusion The aim of such changes is to help in creating a strong, lasting and satisfying marriages through the reformation, development or the changes in the policies and the cultural. These changes are also relates with the marriage preparation to engaged couples and marriage enrichment and also reconciliation to married couples. They also help with step-family formation and success. Which means to say that these changes are with regard to the public policy and interest. Also for the welfare of family community and interests. More rigorous testing of community marriage initiatives, will require improvement in the quality, completeness, and consistency of data. In addition, it will be necessary t

Advice On Wsh Legal Compliance Issues

Advice On Wsh Legal Compliance Issues The company is planning to set up a new plant/factory/shipyard/worksite in Singapore. The new plant/factory/shipyard/worksite located in Tuas. The company will be recruiting a few hundred local and foreign workers. The new plant/factory/shipyard/worksite utilizes the following items for its production processes: Mechanical and/or hydraulic machines Material handling equipment such as forklifts and/or reach trucks Lifting equipment such as overhead cranes and/or tower cranes Pressure vessels such as boilers, air receiver, steam receivers, etc. Laboratory facilities for testing and quality control Warehouses or storage yards Various types of hazardous chemicals and/or flammable substances Task: The task requires each candidate to submit a written report on advising on WSH legal compliance issues basing on the above situations. Written Report: The research project requires each candidate to derive or collect from their workplace a portfolio of evidences on the following items: Identify the relevant and other legal requirements applicable to safety and health issues. (PC1.1, UK1) Identify the WSH legal and other responsibilities and liabilities of stakeholders. (PC1.2, UK2) Explain the WSH legal and other responsibilities and liabilities to relevant stakeholders. (PC1.3) Communicate with stakeholders on the implications of the WSH legal and other requirements in accordance with organizational procedures. (PC1.5, UK4) Gather workplace information and practices relevant for the assessment of compliance with WSH legal and other requirements. (PC2.1, UK5) Identify gaps between workplace practices and the applicable WSH legal and other requirements. (PC2.2) Recommend actions to be taken by the relevant stakeholders to comply with WSH legal and other requirements. (PC2.3, UK7) Advise relevant stakeholders in the application of relevant permits, licenses, approvals and other legal documents from respective government agencies. (PC2.4, UK6, 8) Advise stakeholders ways to assists them in maintaining compliance with applicable WSH legal and other requirements. (PC2.5, UK9) Identify means of getting updated on new or amended WSH legal and other requirements in a timely manner. (PC3.1, UK10) Interpret the new or amended WSH legal and other requirements accurately. (PC3.2) Clarify with the relevant authorities on the interpretation of new or amended legal and other requirements where applicable. (PC1.4, 3.3 UK3, 12) Determine the applicability of new or amended WSH legal and other requirements to stakeholders who seek advice on WSH legal requirements. (PC3.4) Assess workplace compliance with the new or amended WSH legal and other requirements. (PC3.5, UK11, 12) Advise on necessary actions needed to comply with new or amended WSH legal and other requirements. (PC3.6) Identify the relevant and other legal requirements applicable to safety and health issues. (PC1.1, UK1) 12. Clarify with the relevant authorities on the interpretation of new or amended legal and other requirements where applicable. (PC1.4, 3.3 UK3, 12) Government Agencies Acts and Legislations Area of Application (Eg. MOM, SCDF, NEA, etc.) (Provide list and titles of Acts and Regulations) (- Describe the application of each Act or Regulations. Also briefly explain what each of the Act and Regulations are about) MOM Workplace Safety And Health (Registration of Factories) Regulations 2008 Any organization/person who wants to occupy a piece of land or use any premises as a factory, falling within any of the classes of factories described in Part I or II of the First Schedule, shall apply to the Commissioner to register. The application (accompanied by particulars, information, statements and documents) to register the premise as a factory shall be sent to the Commissionerin such form and manner as he may require. The application has to be made at least one month before the factory starts operation. On receiving an application, the Commissioner will go through the details of application before deciding whether the premise is deem fit to be register as a factory. Upon successful application, the Commissioner will enter the factory in the register of factories and on successful payment of the fee specified in the Second Schedule, a certificate of registration will be issue to the applicant to certify the premise fit for operation. MOM WSH (General Provisions) Regulations 2006 This regulation is applicable to all factories and all owners of pressure vessel. This regulation describes the general safety rules and requirements which occupiers need to comply with. For instance, Regulation 4: Overcrowding, which require occupier to ensure that the workplace is not overcrowded so as to pose health and safety risk to the employees Regulation 6: Lighting, which require occupier to maintain and provide sufficient and suitable lighting, whether artificial or natural, for workers to engage in operation or walking. Regulation 10: Protection against excessive heat or cold and harmful radiations, which require the occupier take all reasonably practicable measures to ensure that employees at are protected from excessive heat or cold and harmful radiations. Regulation 14: Electrical installationand equipment, which require occupier to ensure that electrical installation and electrical equipment is of good made, non-faulty, well maintain and safe to use. Reasonably practicable measures have been taken by the occupier to protect against the risks of electric shock arising from or in connection with the use at work of any electrical installation or equipment in the factory. Etc. MOM WSH (First Aid) Regulations 2006 This regulation is applicable to all factories, laboratories, ship in harbour, premises within airport. This regulation describe what are the general requirements of a first aid box (what are the approved items, number of first aid boxes required against the number of employees), the requirements of first aider within the workplace, the number of first aider required within the workplace against the number of workers, and the general requirements for a first aid room. MOM WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 2006 This regulation is applicable to all workplaces covered under the First Schedule of the Act. This regulation specifies that risk an assessment has to be carried out at workplaces, with the RA documented and maintained. From the RA, what are the protective and control measures implemented to protect employees against the hazards and risks identified. MOM WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006 This regulation is applicable to all workplaces. This regulation requires occupier to report any accident/incident that result in injuries (injuries that resulting in more than 3 days MC or hospitalization for 1 day) and/or deaths, any dangerous occurrence (such as toppling of scaffold, toppling of tower crane, bursting of PUB gas pipe during excavation, etc.) and any occupational diseases suffered by an employee at the workplace. MOM WSH (Safety and Health Management System and Auditing) Regulations 2009 This regulation is applicable to all factories. This regulation describes: 1) The requirements to be approved as a workplace safety and health auditor. 2) The requirement of factories to undergo a third party audit (approved auditor by MOM) on the safety and health system. MOM WSH (Workplace Safety and Health Committees) Regulations 2008 This regulation is applicable to all factories. This regulation requires factories to form a WSH committee (the general requirements stated), whereby meeting should be carried to discuss on the health and safety issues within the workplace. The function of WSH committee is also clearly defined under this regulation. SCDF Fire Safety Act Section 20: Fire Certificate This act is applicable to owner or occupier of any public buildings such as offices, hospitals, shopping complexes, industrial buildings and private residential buildings that fall within a specified criterion. The Fire Certificate Scheme is to ensure that fire safety systems and fire safety measures are properly maintained, in good working condition and tested in accordance with the relevant codes of practices. SCDF Fire Safety (Fire Emergency Plan) Regulations This regulation is applicable to premises that are designated or fall within the class of premises designated by the Minister under Section 21(1) of the Act. This regulation describe the requirements of a emergency response plan within the workplace, which include, designation of one or more places within or outside the premises which is capable of accommodating all the occupants of the premises and which poses the least danger to the occupants of the premises in the event of fire to be used as an assembly area; the need of a fire safety committee; up to date records relating to reviews of the Fire Emergency Plan; conduct of fire evacuation drills; fire safety programmes are kept and maintained, etc. SCDF Fire Safety (Petroleum and Flammable Materials) regulations: License to store or keep petroleum or flammable materials. This regulation is applicable to premises that require to store or keep any petroleum or flammable material or both at any premises shall be made by the person intending to store or keep the petroleum or flammable material or both. This regulation states that no occupier shall store or keep, or cause to be stored or kept, any class of petroleum or any flammable material except: (a) in or on premises licensed for the storage or keeping of such petroleum or flammable material; (b) in such quantities and in such manner and subject to such conditions as may be prescribed in relation to such petroleum or flammable material; and (c) under the authority of and in accordance with the provisions of a licence from the Commissioner and every condition specified therein. SCDF Fire Safety (Petroleum and Flammable Materials) regulations: License to import petroleum or flammable materials. This regulation is applicable to occupier who wants to import of any class of petroleum or any flammable material in excess of the respective quantities specified in the Second Schedule. The regulations require the person importing such petroleum or flammable material to hold a licence from the Commissioner to import such petroleum or flammable material; and the person does not hold such a valid licence. Singapore Police Force Arms and Explosives (Explosive Precursors) Rules 2007: License to store explosive precursors. This regulation is applicable to occupier who wants to store explosive precursorsfor operation purposes. Singapore Police Force Arms and Explosives (Explosive Precursors) Rules 2007: Ad hoc license to import/export explosive precursors. This regulation is applicable to occupier who wants to import/export explosive precursors. The regulation requires the applicant to hold a dealers license before applying for a license to import or export arms or explosives. NEA Environmental Protection and Management (Hazardous Substances) (Amendment) Regulations 2009: Permission to store and use hazardous Substances. This regulation is applicable to a person who keeps or has in possession or under his control any hazardous substances specified in the Schedule. The regulation specify that the person shall be authorized to store and use hazardous substances under a permit or a license granted under section 22 of the Act to deal in hazardous substances under his possession. The person issued with the permit shall keep a record of the quantity of such substances and stored in a container based on the purpose or purposes stated in the permit. The container is designed, constructed and maintained in accordance with the code of practice and clearly labeled with restricted access to authorized personnel only. HSA Poisons Act, Chapter 234: Poisons Licence This regulation is applicable to a person who import, possess for sale, sell or offer for sale any poisons. Form A Poisons Licence is issued under the Poisons Act to allow the licensee to import, store and sell poisons by way of wholesale at the premises stated in the licence. The licensee for Form A Poisons Licence must be working full time for the company and be given the responsibilities and accountabilities for all poisons transactions. PUB Sewerage and Drainage (Trade Effluent) Regulations This regulation is applicable to factories. This regulation specifies the discharge limit and contents requirement of trade effluent that is coming out from the factories operation. The requirement of treating the trade effluent (installation of a treatment plant) before discharging the effluent and installing such sampling test points, inspection chambers, measuring devices, and recording and other apparatuses for monitoring. Identify the WSH legal and other responsibilities and liabilities of stakeholders. (PC1.2, UK2) Explain the WSH legal and other responsibilities and liabilities to relevant stakeholders. (PC1.3) Stakeholder (Organization Job position) Legal Responsibilities / Companys Job Description Liabilities Penalties / Offences List and identify at least FOURstakeholders in the company eg. Principal (WSH Manager); Subcontractor (ABC Construction Pte Ltd); Rigger (Tan Ah Seng); etc Describe and elaborate each stakeholder legal responsibilities as well as those set by the company in their job description. Elaborate the liabilities, penalties, and offences of each stakeholder as stipulated for the legislations) Occupier (Site Diector under the name Avnetis Pharma Mfg Pte Ltd) Legal responsibilities: It shall be the duty of every occupier of any workplace to take, so far as is reasonably practicable, such measures to ensure that a) the workplace; b) all means of access to or egress from the workplace; and c) any machinery, equipment, plant, article or substance kept on the workplace, are safe and without risks to health to every person within those premises, whether or not the person is at work or is an employee of the occupier. Company main HSE responsibilities: The Site Director has overall responsibility for the effective implementation of the HSE Policy. In compliance with the law, the Site Director shall: 1. Ensure the workplaces entrances and exits and any equipment, machinery, plant, article or substances are accessible, safe and risk-free. 2. Ensure the safety and health of his employees and personnel who may be indirectly affected in the workplace. WSH (General Provision) Regulations Fine not exceeding $20,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 2 years or to both WSH (Registration of Factories) Regulations Fine not exceeding $3,000 WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 1stoffence: Fine of not exceeding $5,000 2ndand subsequent offences: Fine of not exceeding $10,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 6 months or to both WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 1stoffence: Fine of not exceeding $10,000 2ndand subsequent offences: Fine of not exceeding $20,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 6 months or to both WSH (Workplace Safety and Health Committees) Regulations First offence: Fine of not exceeding $10,000 Second or subsequent offence: $20,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 6 months or to both WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations Fine not exceeding $20,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 2 years or to both WSH (Workplace Safety and Health Officers) Regulations First offence: $10,000 Continuing offence: a further fine not exceeding $1,000 for every day or part thereof during which the offence continues after conviction. Factories (Noise) Regulations Fines not exceeding $5,000 Fire Safety Act Fines not exceeding $5,000 Fire Safety (Building Fire Safety) Regulations Fine not exceeding $10,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 6 months or both Environmental Protection and Management (Hazardous Substances) (Amendment) Regulations Fine not exceeding $30,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 2 years or both Continuing offence: a further fine not exceeding $1,000 for everyday or part thereof during which the offence continues after conviction. Environmental Public Health Act Fine not exceeding $10,000 and in the case of a continuing offence, the sum of $500 for every day or part thereof during which the offence continues after conviction Employers (HODs) 1) It shall be the duty of every employer to take, so far as is reasonably practicable, such measures as are necessary to ensure the safety and health of his employees at work. 2) It shall be the duty of every employer to take, so far as is reasonably practicable, such measures as are necessary to ensure the safety and health of persons (not being his employees) who may be affected by any undertaking carried on by him in the workplace. 3) For the purposes of subsection (1), the measures necessary to ensure the safety and health of persons at work include a) providing and maintaining for those persons a work environment which is safe, without risk to health, and adequate as regards facilities and arrangements for their welfare at work; b) ensuring that adequate safety measures are taken in respect of any machinery, equipment, plant, article or process used by those persons; c) ensuring that those persons are not exposed to hazards arising out of the arrangement, disposal, manipulation, organization, processing, storage, transport, working or use of things i) in their workplace; or ii) near their workplace and under the control of the employer; d) developing and implementing procedures for dealing with emergencies that may arise while those persons are at work; and e) ensuring that the person at work has adequate instruction, information, training and supervision as is necessary for that person to perform his work. 4) Every employer shall, where required by the regulations, give to persons (not being his employees) the prescribed information about such aspects of the way in which he conducts his undertaking as might affect their safety or health while those person are at his workplace. Company main HSE responsibilities: 1. Providing a safe and healthy workplace. 2. Establishing a committee or designating a representative as needed. 3. Consulting and cooperating with the committee or reperesntative. 4. Providing the information and training needed to protect the health and safety of workers. 5. Ensuring that supervisors are competent and that supervisors provide competent supervision. 6. Arranging the regular examination of the workplace, tools and equipment to ensure their safety. 7. Ensuring that tools, machinery and equipment are properly maintained. 8. Enabling a committee or representative to inspect the workplace regularly. 9. Promptly correcting unsafe conditions and activities reported by the committee or representative. 10. Ensuring that the committee or representative investigates reportable accidents and dangerous occurrences. WSH (General Provision) Regulations Fine not exceeding $20,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 2 years or to both WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 1stoffence: Fine of not exceeding $5,000 2ndand subsequent offences: Fine of not exceeding $10,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 6 months or to both WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 1stoffence: Fine of not exceeding $10,000 2ndand subsequent offences: Fine of not exceeding $20,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 6 months or to both WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations Fine not exceeding $20,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 2 years or to both Factories (Noise) Regulations Fines not exceeding $5,000 Environmental Protection and Management (Hazardous Substances) (Amendment) Regulations Fine not exceeding $30,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 2 years or both Continuing offence: a further fine not exceeding $1,000 for everyday or part thereof during which the offence continues after conviction. Employees (Chemical Technician, Mechanical Technician, Logistic personnel, etc.) Legal responsibilities: 1) It shall be the duty of every person at work a) to use in such manner so as to provide the protection intended, any suitable appliance, protective clothing, convenience, equipment or other means or thing provided (whether for his use alone or for use by him in common with others) for securing his safety, health and welfare while at work; and b) to co-operate with his employer or principal and any other person to such extent as will enable his employer, principal or the other person, as the case may be, to comply with the provisions of this Act. 2) No person at work shall willfully or recklessly interfere with or misuse any appliance, protective clothing, convenience, equipment or other means or thing provided (whether for his use alone or for use by him in common with others) pursuant to any requirement under this Act for securing the safety, health or welfare of persons (including himself) at work. 3) Any person at work who, without reasonable cause, willfully or recklessly does any act which endangers the safety or health of himself or others shall be guilty of an offence. Company main HSE responsibilities: 1. Taking reasonable care to protect their health and safety and that of other workers. 2. Cooperating with employers, supervisors, committee members and representatives. 3. Using safe work procedures, safeguards, and personnel protective equipment. 4. Reporting potential hazards or risks to the employer immediately. 5. Knowing and complying with health and safety requirements. 6. Refraining form harassment. WSH (General Provision) Regulations Fine not exceeding $20,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 2 years or to both WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 1stoffence: Fine of not exceeding $5,000 2ndand subsequent offences: Fine of not exceeding $10,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 6 months or to both WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 1stoffence: Fine of not exceeding $10,000 2ndand subsequent offences: Fine of not exceeding $20,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 6 months or to both WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations Fine not exceeding $20,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 2 years or to both Environmental Protection and Management (Hazardous Substances) (Amendment) Regulations Fine not exceeding $30,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 2 years or both Continuing offence: a further fine not exceeding $1,000 for everyday or part thereof during which the offence continues after conviction. WSH (Workplace Safety and Health Committees) Regulations First offence: Fine of not exceeding $10,000 Second or subsequent offence: $20,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 6 months or to both Duties of persons who erect, install or modify machinery or equipment and persons in control of machinery for use at work. (company engage contractors) 1) It shall be the duty of any person who erects, installs or modifies any machinery or equipment for use at work to ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, that the machinery or equipment is erected, installed or modified in such a manner that it is safe, and without risk to health, when properly used. 2) The duty imposed on a person erecting, installing or modifying any machinery or equipment under subsection (1) shall apply only if the machinery or equipment is erected, installed or modified in the course of the persons trade, business, profession or undertaking. 3) Any person required under subsection (1) to ensure that any machinery or equipment is erected, installed or modified in such a manner that it is safe, and without risk to health, when properly used shall be regarded as having complied with that subsection to the extent that a) the person ensured, so far as is reasonably practicable, that the erection, installation or modification was in accordance with the information supplied by the designer, manufacturer or supplier of the machinery or equipment regarding its erection, installation or modification; and b) it is reasonable for the person to rely on that information. 4) Where any machinery moved by mechanical power is used in any workplace, then notwithstanding anything in this Act, it shall be the duty of the owner of the machinery to ensure a) so far as is reasonably practicable, that the machinery is maintained in a safe condition; and b) that the precautions (if any) to be taken for the safe use of the machinery and the health hazards (if any) associated with the machinery is available to any person using the machinery. 5) Where the owner of any machinery moved by mechanical power has entered into a contract of hire or lease with a hirer or lessee, the duty imposed under subsection (4) shall apply to the hirer or lessee of the machinery instead of the owner. 6) Where the owner, hirer or lessee of any machinery moved by mechanical power has entered into a contract with another person to maintain the machinery, the duty under subsection (4)(a) shall apply to that other person instead of the owner, hirer or lessee of the machinery. 7) Subsections (1), (2) and (3) shall apply only to machinery or equipment specified in Part I of the Fifth Schedule. Company main HSE responsibilities: In compliance with the law, contractors shall: 1. Supply safety precautions to be taken for the proper use and maintenance of the machinery, equipment or hazardous substance. 2. Specify any health hazards associated with the machinery, equipment or hazardous substance. 3. Supply information relating to and the results of any tests or examinations of the machinery, equipment or hazardous substances is tested and examined to ensure safety when properly used. WSH (General Provision) Regulations Fine not exceeding $20,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 2 years or to both WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 1stoffence: Fine of not exceeding $5,000 2ndand subsequent offences: Fine of not exceeding $10,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 6 months or to both WSH (Risk Management) Regulations 1stoffence: Fine of not exceeding $10,000 2ndand subsequent offences: Fine of not exceeding $20,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 6 months or to both WSH (Confined Spaces) Regulations Fine not exceeding $20,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 2 years or to both Environmental Protection and Management (Hazardous Substances) (Amendment) Regulations Fine not exceeding $30,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 2 years or both Continuing offence: a further fine not exceeding $1,000 for everyday or part thereof during which the offence continues after conviction. Communicate with stakeholders on the implications of the WSH legal and other requirements in accordance with organizational procedures. (PC1.5, UK4) (- List and describe THREE different types of communication channels employed in by your company. Show evident or data. Eg. Appendix à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Minimum 100 words) In workplaces, Safety communication is essential to employees so that they are aware of the effects of Workplace Safety and Health so as to seek encouragement from them to contribute actively to Workplace Safety and Health. Contributions from the employees will only be effective if they understood their roles and responsibilities and be competent in their work tasks. In Sanofi Aventis, the following communication channels are employed to pass on the information and messages to employees: E-mails: Whenever there is a safety-related issue and/or article send down by Corporate, the information will be forwarded to all HODs so that they can passed down the information to the staffs within their department. Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) Notice Board: Whenever there is an incident/accident that has happened in other site within the corporate, a report of the incident/accident will be put up on the notice board to allow employees locally to learn of the issue so that the same situation will not be repeated. HSE Committee meeting: During the HSE committee meeting, issues on workplace health, safety and environment will be discussed, reviewed and ideas on how to improve them will be exchanged during the meeting. The discussions will be minute down and send to the committees so that they can pass down the information to other colleagues in their department. Gather workplace information and practices relevant for the assessment of compliance with WSH legal and other requirements. (PC2.1, UK5) Identify gaps between workplace practices and the applicable WSH legal and other requirements. (PC2.2) Recommend actions to be taken by the relevant stakeholders to comply with WSH legal and other requirements. (PC2.3, UK7) Name Description of Elements (SMS) or Practices (CP) Company Practices / Gaps Legal Requirements / Code of Practice Compliance Y / N Recommended Actions (- List at least FIVEpractices or Elements of Safety Management System. Briefly describe each practice or element. Eg. Permit-to-work, Safety Training, etc. Provide evidence such as examples, attachments, appendices, data, or documentation for