Career Paper Essay Example for Free

Career Paper EssayProfessor Jane Andrews Success in College Career Paper A legal philosophy officer is something I have always had an interest in becoming. Law enforcement is an exciting career that can open many another(prenominal) doors to different jobs, from patrolling the streets to protect important political figures. Police officers are an essential part of the communities in our nation, offering citizens protection from outlaws, preventing crimes, and serving the members of their community.A police officers duties, among other things, include patrolling a specific district or beat, writing citations when necessary, offering escorts for convoys, responding to citizens emergency c eithers, severing warrants and subpoenas, and writing incident reports after a crime has been committed. 1 An essential singularity of a police officer is physical stamina, physical and psychical endurance, and the ability to keep a calm head. These are just a few of the many duties and essen tial characteristics of a police officer.A police officers work environment can interpolate greatly, either being out on patrol or in an office, either writing reports or viewing bulletins. Out on patrol, an officers work environment is his or her patrol car. A patrol car has all the devices necessary for an officer to execute his or her duties. It will contain a radio, a mobile laptop, which is used to run license plates, do setting checks, and pick up directions to the locations of 911 calls, and weapons, such as a shotgun, to be used in hostile situations. A police officers work environment will vary depending on his or her pecific duties.Becoming a police officer is a physically demanding process. Many people choose to first obtain a college degree in criminal justice or sociology, because it can help you become a higher rank and opens the options to work for higher authority agencies. The basic requirement for becoming a cop are to be free of any felony convictions, be a citi zen of the United States, be at least 18 years of age, undergo background checks, and be free from any physical, emotional, or mental condition which might adversely affect the exercise of power by the peace officer.These requirements may vary slightly from state to state, but one that is consistent is that everyone must attend police academy. Police academy is an essential step in becoming a police officer. By graduating from police academy, a person becomes post certified, which is a requirement to become a police officer anywhere. 3 At the academy, a person will take courses on firearms training, patrol techniques, crimes scene procedures, and brain training courses, which train an officer on how to react mentally in reliable situations.Physical fitness tests are an essential part of the academy, with strict requirements for both male and female requirements. Being a police officer requires both mental and physical toughness. A career in law enforcement can bring a variety of pa y amounts. A standard patrol officer makes on average $34,000 a year. 4 Working for different agencies can bring different pay ranges, anywhere from $25,000 a year to $100,000. A police chieftain will earn towards the upper end of this range.All police officers will be members of a police union, the largest being the International Union of Police Associations, or the IUPA. 5 Being a member of a union brings benefits such as higher wages, health insurance, and a pension plan. Being a police officer is not one of the highest paying jobs staring off, but with the right promotions, one can earn a very high salary. Being a police officers is a career that is always in demand. In 2010, there were over 750,000 jobs for police officers.

Thermodynamics Paper Essay Example for Free

Thermodynamics Paper EssayThermodynamics is a branch of physics that studies the cause of changes in temperature, pressure, and volume on physical systems at the macroscopic scale by analyzing the collective motion of their particles using statistics. The term thermodynamics was coined by James joule in 1858 to designate the science of relations between heat and power.The starting point for most thermodynamic considerations are the laws of thermodynamics, which postulate that energy can be exchanged between physical systems as heat or work. They also postulate the existence of a quantity named entrope, which can be defined for every system. In thermodynamics, there are four laws of very general validity, and as such they do not depend on the details of the interactions or the systems be studied. They are zeroth law of thermodynamics, stating that thermodynamic equilibrium is an equivalence relation first law of thermodynamics, close the conservation of energy second law of the rmodynamics, about entropy third law of thermodynamics, about absolute zero temperature.An important concept in thermodynamics is the system. A system is the region of the universe under study. A system is separated from the remainder of the universe by a boundary which may be imaginary or not, but which by convention delimits a finite volume. The possible exchanges of work, heat, or matter between the system and the surroundings take place across this boundary. There are five dominant classes of systems dislocated Systems, Adiabatic Systems, Diathermic Systems, Closed Systems, Open Systems.Thermodynamics describes how systems respond to changes in their surroundings. This can be applied to a wide variety of topics in science and engineering, such as engines, phase transitions, chemical reactions, transport phenomena, and even black holes. The results of thermodynamics are essential for other fields of physics and for chemistry, engineering, cell biology and material science.

The Poverty Stricken People Of Canada Social Work Essay

The privation Stricken People Of Canada Social Work Essay superstar of the first micro brass causes of mendicancy would be if an individual came from an impoverished family. This is a predisposing positionor that an individual is give c atomic number 18ly to become impoverished themselves, if their family of origin was sad as well. to a large(p)er extent than half the infantren in the United States reenforcement in poverty grew up to be impoverished, while 1 in 4 grew up to sire a low socio-economic status and 1 in 3 in Canada (Corak, 2006). Also, according to the text Social Inequality Patterns and Processes 4th ed., by Martin Mager, low p arntal income, whitethorn result in poorer quality pedagogics, continuing the roulette wheel by making it difficult to find an adequate job due to overleap of education. That lack of education becomes a perpetuating factor, which maintains the cycle (Mager, 2008).A nonher cause of poverty in more or less cases may be divorce or single p atomic number 18nthood. This would be a effectuate cause because together a couple on two incomes may be able to support a child, however, divided they may non develop the income to come through as they did previously. According to a field of study done in Ottawa, children in single p bent home bases are more likely to become impoverished, curiously when in that respect was more than one child living in the home (Fleury, 2008). In many another(prenominal) situations, one parent may develop stayed at home to care for children and the household, while the other worked, meaning that parent would be dependent on the other parent. If a divorce takes place, the dependent parent no nightlong has the other parent to support them, and they may not claim employment, making it very easy for them to f every(prenominal) into poverty.Yet another cause of poverty is addiction, which apprize be both a precipitating and a perpetuating cause. Addictions can a great deal lead to los s of employment and misuse of finances which can bring on and perpetuate the let out of poverty. Lawrence M. Mead says although poverty is not an addiction, it is often caused by and causes addiction. Addiction has a definite trickle effect on poverty. If one has an addiction, for example, to a drug, it becomes the intimately important thing in their life, all their money goes to purchasing the drug, all their time is devoted to scoring and doing drugs, which means, they may not go to school or work, or their behaviour causes them to be dismissed, meaning they have no means for an income. The addicts income would go towards drugs, and not other pick outs, or they would not have an income at all, release them in poverty.Lastly, a cause of poverty is often debt and poor debt management. It is possible to delay with well-nigh debt and not have to live in poverty, however if debt is not managed properly and becomes more than one is capable of dealing with, it can lead to poverty. Four million Americans would fall below the federal poverty line if the take they gestate on their credit cards and other consumer debts were subtracted from their incomes says a San Francisco Chronicle article. These people are called the debt poor (Abate, 2009). These people, although they may not look like the uninventive poor, they technically do not have the means to obtain the necessities of life and, at some point are faced with bankruptcy and the loss of their home.Microsystem ConsequencesA microsystem meaning of poverty is low self-esteem. It is obvious children living in poverty have trouble buying the latest trends, their parents may not drive the nicest car or drive a car at all, maybe they do not have a washer and dryer and so sometimes they have to go without clean clothes for a period. Their parents cannot break to put them in music less(prenominal)ons or sign them up for sports teams. Some children, who are vital would not let this stop them from being confide nt, however, not all children understand that they are not on a level playing field, so to speak and call up that it is a weakness in themselves and not inequity within the system and feel that their personal worth is directly related to their financial worth. A child with the in any casels to postdate is more likely to come and if they succeed, they become more confident, making them more likely to take more risks, with a likelihood of succeeding again and increasing their confidence more. In some cases, children in poverty lack those tools, or have to work harder for them, meaning they do not succeed as often, decreasing their self-esteem (Eric J. Marsh, 2010).Bullying is another bit of poverty that often goes along with low self-esteem. Children in poverty are often bullied. According to a study done in the UK, low-income children are often the target of bullying in wealthier areas, because of their socio-economic status (Branigan, 2007). One in 13 children in an internatio nal study of 35 countries and more than 162 000 children reported bullying due to their socio-economic status. The inequity among adoles cents from low socio-economic covertgrounds puts them at a greater risk for bullying. Teens that are from schools and living in countries where there is a bigger gap between socio-economic groups are at higher risk of being bullied.Poverty withal has a huge impact on childrens physical maturement. One in ten Canadians is affected by aliment insecurity which has a correlation to poor health (Kirkpatrick, 2008). Without proper diet, children willing lack the nutrients they need to develop optimally, and may even become over or under weight. Studies show children with a balanced diet are sick less often than children with poor nutrition (Kirkpatrick, 2008). Families may not be able to permit medical checkup expenses or treatments that would prevent their child from illness or diminish the effects of an illness or injury, causing impairment. Al so, parents in low-income homes may find it more difficult to afford necessary repairs in the household that would ensure their childs safety. enceinte mothers living in poverty also pose a risk, if they are not able to afford adequate prenatal care.Poverty has an impact on moral health, as well. Children from low socio-economic backgrounds were more than twice as likely to suffer from anxiety and depression as their counterparts from better socio-economic statuses (Mark Lemstra, 2008). Children from low-income families, not only have the normal deform a child would have, many impoverished children are aware of their families hardships and have developed anxiety roughly bills and debts and food security, and feelings of hopelessness about their situations and lack positive feelings of self-worth.Besides affecting physical and psychogenic health, loving development is also a significance of poverty. Poverty has an impact on the development of well-disposed skills in children. Children living in poverty often have poorer language skills and less developed coping skills, which in turn impacts the quality of their relationships with peers (Lisa Fiorentino, 2004). Children living in poverty also have less luck for kind interaction due to the fact they are not able to afford to be part of extra-curricular groups that serve well develop social skills and encourage peer relationships. Without the money to afford the same social opportunities children in low-income homes are not able to develop social skills as easily, so poverty is a definite impact on social development.Cognitive impairment has also been cited as a consequence of poverty. According to research, children who are malnourished will suffer cognitive deficiencies and children living in poverty are more likely to be malnourished than those who are middle class or affluent. Also, children who are poor are less equipped to explore their environment meaning they are not receiving the same mental sti mulation or their environment is less stimulating (Brown, 1996). Parents are also less able to afford to put their children in activities or bribe things like books and computers that would help stimulated cognitive development. Thus, there are various reasons why poverty has an influence on cognitive development including malnutrition, and lack of opportunity for mental stimulation.Another unfortunate consequence of poverty is abuse and neglect. According to research from the NSPCCwomen from poor childhood homes were twice as likely to have suffered abuse or neglect (77 per cent versus 38 per cent), and the association was even more striking with multiple forms of abuse, with a three-fold increase 45 per cent of those from poor childhood homes had see more than one form of abuse compared with 15 per cent who had experienced no poverty. (NSPCC, 2008)Poverty can put a lot of stress and extend on families making parents more susceptible to becoming perpetrators and children more vu lnerable and likely to be victimized. Lack of resources also makes it more difficult to provide children with their raw material needs, which does not always constitute an allegation of neglect, however, if the parent is using child welfare tax and child support for personal use and not to provide for the child it is neglect.Poverty can also impact ones personal values and beliefs. Childrens values and beliefs are affected by their socio-economic status. From personal experience, being very poor growing up, I had a certain paradigm. I believed that wealthy people were the enemy and that they did not value me because I was poor. I also did not value education very much because I did not believe I would have the opportunity to go to college or university, because my parents could not afford to help me pay for it. I learned not to value money and do with less. Family was important to me, since I spent so much time at home, due to the fact I could not afford to be in any lessons or on sports teams. It is obvious a child from a poor home compared to a family from a wealthy home would have a very different outlook on life.Mesosystem CausesLack of resources is a precipitating cause of poverty. There is a lack of affordable housing and lack of services available to combat poverty and to assist those in poverty, especially for new immigrants coming to Canada. There are not enough services available to help new Canadians adjust, to help them upgrade education, to find jobs and affordable homes and to learn the language so they can succeed at their job and at school. In some more rural areas there is no ESL program offered. Also, the complicated forms and waitlists mean people in need of poverty relief may not get help for calendar months (Canadian Council on Social Development, 2010). departure of employment is a precipitating cause of poverty, as well. Loss of a job sometimes not only means loss of financial support from an employer, it also means loss of insurance. Meaning medical and alveolar consonant care, house repair, car repair are not covered, so families do without or are put further in debt by having to pay for medical or repair bills. If a family has no income it is difficult to provide necessities for ones family, and if the low-income cut-off is more than 50% of income is spent on necessities, than anyone who is unemployed or whose spouse is unemployed will likely fit that criteria (Statistics Canada, 2010).Mesosystem consequencesA microsystem consequence of poverty was child abuse and neglect, so it is evident then, that on a mesosystem level there is a consequence which affects Childrens Aid Societies. CAS woks with families to help get them on track and get support that they may not otherwise be able to afford for their child. According to OACAS, many of the children using their services are living in poverty (Laurie Monseebaaten, 2008). Poverty is a blanket problem which is the cause and consequence of many of the things CAS d eals with on a regular basis, often times to deal with these other problems they provide families with services that deal with poverty.Another big consequence of poverty is that it affects the childs school experience. In some cases children go to school in a poorer neighbourhood and so their peers are poor, but quite often poor children go to schools where there is socio-economic inequality. This, in some cases affects them more as it makes the children more reluctant to accept help financially to pay for field trips or sports teams. They lose out on learning opportunities because of their poverty. They also have a more difficult time succeeding in school because they may not have access to computers or books necessary to help them learn and complete school work, and because they may have jobs outside of school to help them combat the poverty, leaving them less time for their school work (Sands, 2007).Poverty is a big barrier to health care, even in Canada. Although initial healthc are is easy. The cost of medication, eye care and dental care is still too expensive for some people to afford. For example, there is a treatment for AIDS however, it is too expensive for individuals to buy, but the pharmaceutical companies will not distribute it for free or at a lesser cost because they do not wish to lose profit (UNFPA, 2009). Because dental care, eye care and medication are for the most part, not every day needs, most people living in poverty go without it.Another consequence of poverty is that churches are baffling in poverty relief around the world. Religious groups are the number one source of charitable funds donated in Canada and advocates for the poor according to the valet de chambre Council of Churches (World Council of Churches, 2011). Churches are very involved locally and internationally with the fight against poverty, they work on all levels of prevention, primary, secondary and tertiary. They support the development of micro businesses for women i n Indian as a primary prevention, they work with Canadian Food Grains Bank to distribute food as a secondary prevention and they work in soup kitchens and assist people locally who come into get support as a tertiary prevention. (McLennan, 2011).A consequence of poverty is the inability to afford to put children into extracurricular activities and segregation in extracurricular activities. This has consequences in itself, but in general, the high cost of music and dance lessons and sports teams means that children are not able to participate, or are segregated to ad hoc activities that are more affordable. Recently, there has been offered a tax break for parents of children on sports teams, which has alleviated some of the stress put on parents to allow their children to participate, however, some parents still struggle to put their children in activities, some of which are difficult to get to if parents do not have reliable transportation.Having children in extracurricular activit ies is also a primary preventative measure for preventing children from getting involved in crime, so parents in poverty who cannot afford to put their children in sports or pay for some kind of art lessons may also have to suffer another consequence of poverty, which is having their children involved in crime. Crime is another consequence of poverty for a number of reasons. Families may steal food to supplement what little they have, children and youth may steal things they lack that they cannot afford, parents and children may get involved with dealing drugs or fraud to supplement their income. A study done in the U.S. also shows that the law is more balmy to affluent offenders giving them little or no jail time compared to poorer offenders (Reiman, 1995).Another consequence of poverty is that families are segregated to specific neighbourhoods and attend specific schools depending on their income. Rarely when low-income housing is make is it just one house in a relatively afflu ent neighbourhood, most low income housing is built in blocks townhouses or apartments and there is often more than one in a neighbourhood. Thus, that particular neighbourhood is stigmatized as being the poor neighbourhood. Peers are all from similar socio-economic backgrounds, schools in the neighbourhood are often overwhelmingly populated by low-income children (Fleury, 2008).Exosystem CausesA perpetuating cause of poverty is lack of government funding for poverty relief. For people already living in poverty if they cannot get sufficient assistance to help them out of poverty, it means they remain there longer. Any social assistance one may receive is barely enough to live on so these people are still only making ends meet. Without the opportunity to save some money people will continue living paycheque to paycheque and if there is an emergency it may put more financial strain on them, because they did not have enough to live on to begin with and they are put into debt.Another per petuating cause of poverty among immigrants in Canada is the transportation loans. Refugee families come to Canada, hoping for a better life, the Canadian government is kind enough to loan them money for travel expenses, which are very costly. However, they are expected to pay this loan back within a very brief window of time, keeping in mind that what little money they came with has been put towards finding a place to live and they may not even have a job yet (Canadian Council for Refugees, 2010). Unfortunately, this is of little concern to the government, so these people essential struggle both with being able to support themselves in a new country and with paying back debt, perpetuating their poverty.Next, the cost of living in Canada has a great impact on poverty and is a precipitating consequence. This is a cause more often attributed to developed countries. The average cost of rent in Toronto is between $775 and $895 for a 1 bedroom apartment, the cost of groceries for a mont h is approximately $100 a month and the cost of telephone services is about $23 a month (Fast Facts, 2006). With just those expenses, the cost of living for a month can be more than $1000, however, a person employed full-time (40 hrs/wk) at minimum hire ($10.25) makes less than twice that, meaning significantly more than half of their income goes towards necessities of life.Finally, a perpetuating cause for poverty among children is the discrepancy in the Low-Income Cut-off with regards to what necessities are. It observes the need for clothing, shelter and food however, it does not take into account a childs need for social and emotional development and scholastic success, which may come from appropriate childcare, participation in extracurricular activities and the purchase of school supplies. Without these things it is much more difficult to succeed in school and life, meaning less stable employment, which in turn results in continuing the cycle of poverty.Exosystem Consequences One of the consequences of poverty is how people view those on social assistance. There is the common stigma that people on social assistance are abusing the system and that they are just lazy and do not wish to get a job, however that is not always the case. In some cases, the recipient of social assistant is someone who was a dependant and did not work or could not work and for a variety of reasons had to leave that dependant situation and involve financial support, but was not able to find a job immediately (Pulkingham, 2011).The portraiture of poverty in media is a consequence has a consequence on how poverty is viewed. The media has created this stereotype of the poor adolescent. They are always from the wrong side of the tracks, engage in immoral behaviour, get into a lot of fights and neer excel in school or they are portrayed as dirty street children. For example, in the movie Slums of Beverly Hills, the characters are a poor family who must constantly move to avoid paying rent the young female is not interested in school and is very promiscuous (Jenkins, 1998). Evidently, this inaccurate portrayal of poverty does not help with a childs self-esteem or to reduce bullying or encourage impoverished youth that they are capable of achieving great things.Another romance that has become the consequence of how people view poverty is the myth that people who use soup kitchens and food banks are homeless or jobless, when in reality many of the people accessing these facilities are working poor, who have jobs, and perhaps a home. They may be able to pay their rent, but their income is not sufficient enough to afford adequate food. Close to 7 million workers earn less than $ 20 000 per annum and40% of impoverished children live in families where at least one parent is employed full-time year round. Parents have children to care for and sometimes that means they need to supplement their meals with food from a food bank or meals from a soup kitchen to make sure t heir children are fed (Poor No More, 2009).Next, a consequence of how people view poverty is the myth that poor children are less intelligent and not as successful as wealthier children. Although there is evidence that poorer children are more likely to struggle in school and that they will continue the cycle of poverty and that poverty is a risk factor for lower IQ, this is not always the case. Really, this depends on resilience. The more resilient and determined a child is, the more likely they will overcome their circumstances and excel in school and in life (Lisa Fiorentino, 2004). Although they may not have the same resources as a wealthy child, as long as they have a good support system and the determination to succeed no matter what obstacles are placed in front of them, they will break free from that stereotype.Yet another myth that exists is that poor people are always looking for handouts. This is actually very inaccurate often families remain in poverty because they are t oo proud to ask for assistance which could be a perpetuating cause of poverty as well. Also, though they are poor they are far from helpless. Many people would be happy to offer their skills or work in return for support and would feel more fulfilled doing so (Poor No More, 2009). Some acknowledgement and treatment as an equal is often what the poor are looking for, not just spare change.The final myth that exists in our society is that poverty only happens in Africa, this. The overwhelming bar of support and publicity the poverty stricken continent receives is inspiring, however, servicing the local poor does not seem almost as important to people. When we look at the private aid going overseas to relieve poverty and the amount of sponsorship and adoption of children in developing nations, it is significantly more that what is received locally. Fifteen per cent of Canadian children are living in poverty that is approximately 100 thousand children (Fleury, 2008). 100 thousand chil dren who need help, but are overlooked for children in developing countries. Poverty does happen in Canada.Macrosystem CausesA precipitating cause of poverty that has been highly publicized in recent years is the economy. Canada, along with nearly the entire rest of the world has felt the impact of an economic depression which has inflated prices, caused job loss and created a huge influx of people into social assistance. As previously discussed, cost of living, job loss and lack of resources are causes of poverty an economic depression is the cause of all three, making poverty an issue on a supranational scale. Third world governments are obligated to compete with each other and with more dominant, developed nations. To attract investors, impoverished countries try to provide cheaper resources, goods and labour. This has only increased poverty (Shah, 2011). So, the economy has been an international cause of poverty.Additionally, war is a precipitating cause of poverty. War causes immense destruction and be millions of dollars. There is destruction to systems such as social services and health care and resources are diluted and redirected from poverty relief to maintaining the war, as well as physical damage to buildings and belongings. This consequently results in poverty

Understand The Two Concepts Culture And Civilization Sociology Essay

Understand The Two Concepts Culture And Civilization Sociology EssayThis essay entrust attempt a brief review of the history of the fantasy horti refinement and its dealingship with the image nicety, in order to understand the two bunkocepts, without making whatso eer claims towards offering anything new in the analysis of the chronological account of how the explanation of market-gardening changed over time.1Instead, the essay will attempt to explore the harmonies and dis-harmonies in the practice of the two concepts, as a emphasising of coming to terms with immanent ruptures and continuities which were explicated in various shipway in which the logic and lexicon of these concepts were deployed in the distinguishable anthropological traditions over the years.From the outset, I would similar to mention that I almost abandoned this particular topic because of the diffi madnessies I encountered in finding a concise definition of, mainly the concept of refining. When, after sev date of referencel weeks of reading, it finally dawned on me that actually t here was none, it all started to make sense that the subject of defining the concept of culture has never been closed and was never intended for foreclosure. This meant that understanding how the concept was variously deployed was as important as appreciating the manner of its deployment, especially in ways in which this was always associated with the concept of civilization, whose definition was more straightforward.The notion of CultureFollowing a very unsuccessful search for a concise definition of the concept culture, it dawned on me that Terry Eagleton and several others was after all correct when he said that culture was one of the few very complicated concepts to have ever graced the position language (Armstrong, 2010 1 Eagleton, 2006 1 Kroeber Kluckhohn, 1952). Culture was a very difficult concept to define because the evolution of its etymology and its deployment varied in different co ntexts and anthropological traditions, both(prenominal) contemporaneous and var.ical. Its meaning in one place was often contested in some other.The leger culture was first utilize in the States2, and in etymological terms, its contemporary usage has its origin in attempts to describe mans relationship with nature, through which resources were extracted. It depicted the outcomes of inception of resources from nature through a make for of labor, for example, through crop farming and livestock production (Eagleton, 2006 1). It was in this sense that the concept was first formally deployed in the 19th century in Germany, where the script used was Kultur, which in German referred to cultivation.3The early German usage of the record culture was heavily influenced by Kant, who, like his followers, spelled the word as culture, and used it repeatedly to mean cultivation or becoming obliging, which subsequently became the initial meaning of civilization (Kroeber Kluckhohn, 1952 10). The way the concept was first used in modern English borrowed from the usage first made of the word by Walter Taylor, which dates back to 1871, although according to Kroeber and Kluckhohn (1952 9), Taylors use of the word culture, which was borrowed from German, was similar to the way the word civilization was used in Germany.The above sense in which the concept culture was for long deployed depicted it as an activity or occupation that entailed a materialist dimension related to the extraction of resources from nature. Coming from Walter Taylor, the modern scientific sense of the word culture no longer refers primarily to the process of cultivation, but more generally as a manifestation of customs, beliefs and forms of government (Kroeber Kluckhohn, 1952 10). The latter sense signifies well-nigh generalisation to the transcendent and divine ground of spiritualism. Over time, the concept was likewise deployed in other ways that depicted it as an entity (Eagleton, 2006 1). T here was also a sense in which the concept of culture also depicted the transformation that took place in companionships catchs with ever-changing technologies of production as capitalism developed, although this understanding was quite often deployed in racist terms to differentiate between less modify nations of the non-west from the more industrialized European societies.It is true, as observed by Eagleton that the relationship between nature and culture was such that nature produces culture which changes nature (Eagleton, 2006 3). In this sense, there is a part of nature that is cultural, and another that is not. The part of nature which is cultural is that part which labor transforms, for example, into works of art, monuments, skyscrapers (or building structures) or cities. Such products of culture atomic number 18 as inbred as rural idylls are cultural (Eagleton, 2006 4). Because culture originally meant cultivation, or managing the growth of crops, which pith husbandry, the cultural therefore would imply that which was within ones means to change. As pointed out by Eagleton (2006 4), the stuff to be altered has its own autonomous existence, which then lends it something of the recalcitrance of nature in much the same way as the extent to which culture transforms nature and also influences the rigorous limits nature imposes on the cultural project.To this extent, I am in agreement with Eagleton (2006 4-5) that the vagary of culture signified a double rejection, of, on the one hand, the facsi air mile of culture as an original (biological) determinism and, on the other, as an interpretation of culture as an material body of autonomous spiritualism. To this extent therefore, culture rebuffs naturalism and idealism founded in biological determinism by insisting that from the point of view of culture, there was also a representation within nature which exceeded and dismantled nature. It also represented a refusal of idealism because thus far the h ighest-minded human agency had its humble roots in our biology and natural environment.The resolutenessing contradiction from this rejection of naturalism (emanating from organic determinism) and idealism (as a result of autonomy of spirit) led to a contest between what had actually evolved and what ought to, which transfigured into what Eagleton described as a tension between making and being made, between rationality and spontaneity (Eagleton, 2006 5).Consequently, although the relation between humans and nature was important to an understanding culture, in this paper, I carry the loving relations between humans and nature in the course of extracting from nature, through which humans change nature to be the most important. This is what is profound to understanding the concept of culture, which makes it possible to view it as a systematic way of life and living, that humans consciously develop that is transferred from the past to the present and into the future. It depicts some semblance of historically assembled normative values and principles internal to social organizations through which a diversity of relationships are ordered. In this way, it is possible to see how culture becomes an abstraction of itself, in its own right, which does not reify culture as a thing as this essentializes culture. I am inclined to agree with Armstrong (2010 2) in her definition, which presents culture more as a process of meaning making which informs our sense of who we are, how we want to be perceived and how others perceive us.The above said, we also need to select that while culture is important, it is also not the only factor that shapes social relations between humans in the course of impacting on nature in ways that change it. Several other social, economic, political, geographical, historical and physical factors come into play. It is necessary to recognize that culture, which embodies as much as it conceals its limited history, politics and economic science is , as also pointed out by Franz Boaz4, not inert. It is an inherently Boasian conception to view culture as extremely dynamic as having life, and existing in a continuous state of flux, as new notions of and some culture continues to emerge. This means that cultures give the axenot be expected to be static and homogenous. As new cultures emerge, tensions are usually generated. The totality of any culture and its individual trait lowlifenot be understood if taken out of its general setting. Likewise, culture cannot also be conceived as controlled by a item-by-item set of conditions (Benedict, 1934 xv).It is also Franz Boaz5who noted that culture is some form of standardized or normative behavior. An individual lives in his/her specific culture, in as much the same way as culture is lived by an individual. Culture has a materiality that makes it manifest in diverse patterns implying that it insignificant to try and generalize or homogenize about cultural patterns (Benedict, 1934 x vi). Thinking of culture as socially constructed networks of meaning that distinguish one group from another implies not only a rejection of social evolution but also an endorsement of cultural relativism, which is also a Boasian tradition.6Boaz7rightly argued that perspectives that view culture in evolutionary terms tend to end with the construction of a unified picture of the history of culture and civilization, which is misleading. Tendencies which view culture as a single and homogenous unit, and as an individual historical problem is extremely problematic (Benedict, 1934 xv). I consider the distinctive life-ways of different people as the most sanctioned understanding of the notion of culture. Cultural relativity is a recognition that different people have cultures and life-ways that are distinct from those of others.The notion of civilizationThe concept of civilization, like culture, also has a complex etymology. By 1694, the French were already using the verb civiliser, and referred to the polishing of manners, rendering sociable, or becoming urbane as a result of city life (Kroeber Kluckhohn, 1952 11). The French notion of civilization referred to the achievement of human growth manifest in certain customs and standards of living. The French considered civilization as the end point of a process of cultivation that took place over centuries (Elliot, 2002). The English lagged behind the French.8In 1773, Samuel Johnson slake excluded civilization from his dictionary, preferring civility, and yet civilization (from the word crop) captured better the opposite of barbarity than civility. The English subsequently adopted the concept of civilization deriving it from the verb to civilize and associated it with the notion of civilizing others. The 1933 Oxford Dictionary defined civilization as A developed or advanced state of human society a particular stage or type of this (Kroeber Kluckhohn, 1952 12). By the eighteenth century, the word civilization in G erman was associated with the spread by the state of political developments akin to the German state to peoples of other nations. It was somewhat similar to the English verb to civilize (Kroeber Kluckhohn, 1952 11). For the Germans and English, the concept of civilization invoked an imperial political agenda that was apparent in the way they deployed the concept.The harmony and dis-harmonies in deployment of concepts of culture and civilizationThe evolutionary thinking about culture and civilization in the philosophy of DurkheimAmong the scholars who attempted a very rigorous narrative intended to distinguish between culture and civilization was mile Durkheim, whose writings were first published in 1893. In trying to come to terms with the complex division of labor and associated behavioral changes that occurred with the industrial revolution in England, Durkheim, argued that inside modern industry, jobs were demarcated and extremely specialized, and while each product was a specia lty, it entailed the existence of others in form of the labor they input into its production. As society evolved from culture to industry, so did culture of the pre-industrial era give way to civilization associated with the conditions of progress in human societies. Durkheim extended the concept of division of labor from Economics to organisms and society, from which its tie with culture was derived, arguing that the more specialized an organisms functions were, the more exalted a place it occupied in the animal hierarchy. For Durkheim, the extent of division of labor in society influenced the direction of the development of the evolution of mankind from culture to civilization (Durkheim, 1984 3).Durkheim used division of labor to make the distinction between culture as a preserve of the pre-modern mediaeval society and civilization as belonging to the modern industrial society. Durkheim argued that all societies are usually held together by social solidarity. In the pre-industria l societies, where social bonds were based on customs and norms, this solidarity was mechanical while in the industrial societies, which were extremely individualistic, the solidarity was organic, and social bonds were maintained by contracts which regulated relations between highly individualistic beings. To Durkheim, societies transition from relatively simple pre-modern societies to relatively more complex industrial societies (Durkheim, 1984 3).Durkheim argued that division of labor influenced the moral constitution of societies by creating moral rules for human conduct that influenced social order in ways that made industrial societies distinct from the pre-industrial ones. It created a civilized, individual man, capable of being interested in everything but attaching himself exclusively to nothing, able to savor everything and understand everything, found the means to combine and epitomize within himself the finest aspects of civilization. For Durkheim, tradition and custom, collectively defined as culture were the basis of distinction of the simpler societies which defined their mechanical form of solidarity that they exhibit. The modern societies, according to Durkheim, were characterized civilization (Durkheim, 1984 3-4).Durkheim advanced an essentially Darwinian argument. In the biological determinism of Durkheim, it is argued that the shift from mechanical to organic solidarity was comparable to the changes that appeared on the evolutionary scale. Relatively simple organisms showing only minimal degrees of internal differentiation ceded place to more highly differentiated organisms whose functional specialization allowed them to exploit more efficiently the resources of the ecological niche in which they happened to be placed. The more specialized the functions of an organism, the higher its level on the evolutionary scale, and the higher its survival value. In similar ways, the more differentiated a society, the higher its chances to exploit the maximum of available resources, and hence the higher its energy in procuring indispensable means of subsistence in a given territory (Durkheim, 1984 xvi).There were fundamental contradictions in the perspectives of Durkheim. If Durkheim denigrated culture to the pre-modern, and viewed society as developing in evolutionary terms to the industrial, it could be assumed that he also believed that the solidarity which was associated with the industrial society was better. What then explains the fact that Durkheim was deeply convinced of and concerned about the pathology of acquisitiveness in modern capitalist society? Durkheim did not believe that the pathological features of the industrial society were caused by an inherent flaw in systems built on organic solidarity. earlier, he thought that the malaise and anomie were caused by transitional difficulties that could be overcome through the emergence of new norms and values in the institutional setting of a new corporate organization of industrial affairs (Durkheim, 1984 xxi).For Durkheim, the flaws in industrial and class relations did not mean that the pre-modern characterized by culture was better. That the class conflicts which were inherent in the industrial society and were associated with the structure of capitalist society would be overcome by the emergence of a new corporate society in which relations between employers and employees were harmonized. Beholden to none of the political and social orientations of his day, Durkheim always attempted to look for a balanced middle way (Durkheim, 1984 xxii).The contemporary play of relationships between culture and civilization has, to say the least, rendered wanting, the ideas which were advanced by Durkheim. For example, if culture is a preserve of the pre-modern, what explains the pervasiveness of barbarism within civilized formations of the industrialized knowledge base? canister we have culture in societies that are characterized as civilized or with civi lization? Or are societies that are said to possess culture devoid of civilization?The contradictions in the etymology and deployment of concepts of culture and civilizationThe usage of culture and civilization in various languages has been confusing. Websters Unabridged Dictionary for English defined both culture and civilization in terms of the other. Culture was a particular state or stage of advancement in civilization. Civilization was called advancement or a state of social culture. In both popular and literary English, they were often treated as near synonyms, though civilization was sometimes dependant to advanced or high cultures (Kroeber Kluckhohn, 1952 13). As early as the 1950s, there were some writers who were inclined to regard civilization as the culture of urbanized societies characterized by cities. Often, civilization was considered a preserve for literate cultures, for instance, while the Chinese had civilization, the Eskimo were seen as in possession of culture (Kroeber Kluckhohn, 1952 13).The English language distinction between civilization and culture made in the past was different from that made in the German language. In German, civilization was confined to the material conditions, while the English fashion sometimes included psychic, moral, and spiritual phenomena (Kroeber Kluckhohn, 1952 13). The German Kultur also referred to material civilization, while culture in English over time came to mean something entirely different, which corresponded to the humanities. The German Kultur also related to the arts of savages and barbaric peoples, which were not included in any use of civilization since the term civilization denoted a stage of advancement higher than savagery or barbarism. These stages in advancement in civilization were even popularly known as stages of culture implying that the word culture was used synonymous with the German Kultur (Kroeber Kluckhohn, 1952 13). In English, culture was a condition or achievement posses sed by society. It was not individual. The English phrase a cultured person did not employ the term in the German sense. There was a sense of non-specificity in the way in which the concept culture (Kultur) was deployed in the German sense (Krober Kluckhorn, 1952 13).From its etymological roots in rural labor, the word culture was first deployed in reference to civility then in the 18th century, it became more or less synonymous with civilization, in the sense of a general process of intellectual, spiritual and material progress. In Europe, civilization as an idea was equated to manners and morals. To be civilized included not spitting on the carpet as well as not decapitating ones prisoners of war. The very word implied a dubious correlation between mannerly conduct and ethical behavior, which in England was equated to the word gentleman. As a synonym of civilization, culture belonged to the general spirit of Enlightenment, with its cult of secular, progressive self-development (E agleton, 2006 9).Form my reading of the literature on this subject, it was not clear at what point culture and civilization begun to be deployed interchangeably. Suffice to mention, however, that in English, as in French, the word culture was not unconditionally interchangeable with civilization. While it was not entirely clear, between the two concepts of culture and civilization, which predated the other, they both shared a transcendental association with the notion of cultivation, as something which is done to (or changes in) humans in the course of exacting labor upon nature to change it, that leads to the development of human qualities to vitrine the needs of collective humanity. Culture, which emerged in German from the notion of Kultur, which meant cultivation, appeared as a form of universal subjectivity at work within the particularistic realm of our separate individualities. For Eagleton (2006 8), it was a view of culture as a component of civilization which was neither d issociated from society nor wholly at one with it.This kind of focus also portrayed an essentially Kantian notion of man as becoming cultivated through art and science, and becoming civilized by attaining a variety of social graces and refinements (or decencies), in which the state had a role to play. This Kantian conception therefore distinguished between being cultivated and being civilized. macrocosm cultivated referred to intrinsic improvement of the person, while being civilized referred to improvements of social interrelations (interpersonal relations), some kind of ethical pedagogy which served to liberate the collective self buried in every individual into a political citizen (Eagleton, 2006 7 Kroeber Kluckhohn, 1952 11).There was a sense in which the concept of civilization had an overwhelming French joining (coming from the concept civilizer), in the same way culture was associated with the Germans (from the concept Kultur). To be described as civilized was associated b y the French with finesse with regards to social, political, economic and skillful aspects life. For the Germans, culture had a more narrowly religious, artistic and intellectual reference. From this point of view, Eagleton (2006 9) was right when he observed that (i) civilization was deployed in a manner that compete down national differences, while culture highlighted them and, (ii) the tension between culture and civilization had much to do with the rivalry between Germany and France. I am reminded here of Eagletons famous phrase that civilization was formulaically French, while culture was stereotypically German (Eagleton, 2006 10-11).Towards the end of the 19th century civilization and culture were invariably viewed as antonyms. If, however, the description by Eagleton (2006 9) of French notion of civilization as a form of social refinement is acceptable, then one can also accept Kroeber and Kluckhohn (1952 14) description of civilization as a process of ennobling (or creatin g nobility) of humanity through the exercise by society of increased control of the elementary human impulses. This makes civilization a form of politics. In the same light, I also agree with Kroeber and Kluckhohn (1952 14) that cultures German connections link it with the control of nature through science and art, which means culture embodies engine room (including equipment) as well as knowledge systems (including skills) relevant for subduing and employing nature.The implications of the above are two-fold (a) culture and civilization, can not be looked at as antonyms or binary star opposites, in the sense in which evolution theorists would want us to view the relationship between these two concepts with culture as being akin to an indifferent status while civilization is ascribed to the superior (b) both tend to depict not only elements of normativity in advance in life-forms, but also forever improving internal conditions of the internal elements of these concepts that defi ne humanity which they embody. There is a way in which the elements embodied by these concepts depict superiority in their single life-forms. Even when there are tendencies for overlaps in the elements depicted by these two concepts, for example, their association with politics, art, technology and urban living, there is a sense in which both concepts cannot be viewed as stages of development one from the other.It appears to me that Eagleton viewed civilization as a value-judgmental concept that pre-supposed an improvement on what went before, to whatever was not only right, but a great deal better than what was (Eagleton, 2006 10). Eagleton was also non-presumptive when he pointed out that historically, the deployment of the term put it within the lexicon of a pre-industrial European middle class, which used the concept to guarantee imperial ambitions of mercantile and early industrial European capitalism towards those they categorized as of inferior civilization (Eagleton, 2006 10). This fact has to be borne in mind if the concept when the concept is deployed today.Culture on the other hand, required certain social conditions that bring men into complex relationships with natural resources. The state becomes a necessity. Cultivation was a matter of the harmonious, all-round development of the personality. Because there was overwhelming recognition that nobody could do this in isolation, this helped to shift culture from its individual to its social meaning. Culture had a social dimension (Eagleton, 2006 10).Whichever was, between culture and civilization, the progenitor of the other, there is a dual sense in which these concepts appear linked by their enlightenment era roots and also not linked at the same time. I agree with Eagleton that civilization sounds abstract, alienated, fragmented, mechanistic, utilitarian, in thrall to a crass faith in material progress while culture seems holistic, organic, sensuous, autotelic and recollective. However, I have r eservations with Eagletons postulation of, first, a conflict between culture and civilization, and secondly, presentation of this conflict as a manifestation of a quarrel between tradition and modernity (Eagleton, 2006 11). wizard of the greatest exports from the Enlightenment era was its universalism. Post-enlightenment political philosophy contributed significantly to critiques of enlightenments grand piano unilineal narratives regarding the evolution of universal humanity. We can look at the discourse of culture as a contribution to understanding the diversity inherent in different life-forms with their specific drivers of growth. Increasingly, it had become extremely perilous to relativize non-European cultures, which some thinkers of the time idealized as primitive (Eagleton, 2006 12).In the 20th century in the primitivist features of modernism, a primitivism which goes hand-in-hand with the growth of modern cultural anthropology emerged, this time in postmodern guise, in for m of a romanticizing of popular culture, which now plays the expressive, spontaneous, quasi-utopian role which primitive cultures had compete previously (Eagleton, 2006 12).While todate the concepts civilization and culture continue to be used interchangeably, there is also still a sense in which culture is still deployed almost as the opposite of civility (Eagleton, 2006 13). It is not uncommon to encounter culture being used in reference to that which is tribal as oppose to the cosmopolitan. Culture continues to be closed to rational criticism and a way of describing the life-forms of savages rather than a term for the civilized. If we accept the fact that the savages have culture, then the primitives can be depicted as cultured and the civilized as uncultured. In this sense, a reversal means that civilization can also be idealized (Eagleton, 2006 13). If the imperial Modern states plundered the pre-modern ones, for whatever reasons, is it not a statement of both being unculture d and lack of civility, quite antithetical to what one could consider as civilization of the west. What sense doe it therefore make to posture as civilized and yet act in an uncultured manner?Can viewing culture as civilization, on one hand, and civilization as culture, on the other hand, help to resolve the impasse in the contemporary deployment of these concepts? One fact is clear, either way it has potential to breed postmodern ambiguities of cultural relativism (Eagleton, 2006 14). Alternatively, if culture is viewed, not as civilization, but as a way of life, it exactly becomes an affirmation of sheer existence of life-forms in their pluralities (Eagleton, 2006 13).Pluralizing the concept of culture comes at a price the idea of culture begins to entertain cultural non-normativities or leftover cultures, in the name of diversity of cultural forms. Rather than dissolving discrete identities, it multiplies them rather than hybridization, which as we know, and as Edward Said obs erved, all cultures are involved in one another none is single and pure, all are hybrid, heterogeneous, extraordinarily differentiated, and non-monolithic (Eagleton, 2006 15).Attempts to valorize culture as a representation of particular life-forms associated with civility can also be perilous. There is a post-modern sense in which culture can be considered as an intellectual activity (science, philosophy and scholarship), as well as an imaginative pursuit of such exploits as music, painting and literature. This is the sense in which cultured people are considered to have culture. This sense suggests that science, philosophy, politics and economics can no longer be regarded as creative or imaginative. This also suggests that civilized values are to be found only in fantasy. And this is distinctly a caustic comment on social reality. Culture comes to mean learning and the arts, activities confined to a tiny proportion of humanity, and it at once becomes impoverish as a concept (Eag leton, 2006 16).Concluding RemarksFrom the foregoing analyses, it is clear that understanding the relationship between culture and civilization is impossible until we cease to view the humanness in binaries in which the West (Europe) was constructed as advanced and developed with the non-West perceived as primitive, barbarous and pagan. Historically, the Wests claim of supremacy was always predicated on their provincialization of the non-west, whose behavioral patterns were judged from the experience of the West, and characterized in generalized terms as traditional customs and therefore culture. I agree with Benedict, that the West did all it could to universalize its experience to the rest of the world, even when this experience was different from that of those from the non-west (Benedict, 1934 5).Assumptions of the mutual exclusivity of culture and civilization in society are premised on perceived irreconcilability of values and beliefs. Religion was always used in the West to p osit a generalized provincialism of the non-west. It was the basis of prejudices around which superiority was justified. No ideas or institutions that held in the one were valid in the other. Rather all institutions were seen in opposing terms according as they belonged to one or the other of the very often slightly differentiated religions.In this con

Portrayals and Presentation of Cancer in Cinema

Portrayals and Presentation of Cancer in CinemaINTRODUCTIONThrough stratums, many movies have been released for macrocosm exhibit regarding pubic louses of all types. Depictions might include the nature of pubic louses, patients response, c atomic come up 18-givers response, and the clinical outcomes. Since movies may affect thoughts of the viewers, outcomes in movies may affect decision making of the patient or c argiver and may affect care- delayking behavior, the way they react to the situation and their compliance to treatment.At present, films featuring cancer patients are no longer a rare scenario, as stated in a press release at the ESMO 2012 Congress of the European Society for Medical Oncology. Many cancer movies were released for viewing, however, the impersonation of the patients chances of extract are rarely accurate. In 82 movies that focused on cancer patients, Dr Luciano De Fiorre et al, found that descriptions on cancer experience in the films were not reflec tive of cancer in its scientific meaning.In the Philippines, there are only few movies that feature a person/persons with cancer. And in just astir(predicate) of the Filipino movies that identify cancer, cancer patients are diagnosed late and hospitalization with other therapeutic modalities are not clearly seen. Cancer patients experiences described in the movie were so diametrical from the truth. Davaoenos, like near Filipinos, see that cancer is always worse in the movies. The illness is usually visualized as death sentence.To our knowledge, no previous descriptive reviews of movies about cancers in children, adolescents, and young adults have been documented, hence this research.Review of Related LiteratureMedical portrayals in the media, including depictions of clinical outcomes, may impact commonplace perceptions and wellness decision-making. Media greatly affects tidy sums behavior toward a certain event and the said response varies in each individual, depending on ho w they perceive or understand. What we see affects what we think, and thoughts may become action. We act upon what we see thru imitation (Koordeman et al 2011) Both market research and anecdotal case reports have long claimed that the general public learn and form answers regarding health conditions based on what is seen on television (Eisenman et al., 2005) (Tayal, 2003). Increasingly, media has not only been an entertainment tool, but has been applied deliberately as a health educational source, as entertainment education in different countries (Hether H.J et al, December 2008.) Some people do not only rely to health check professionals regarding their health. According to one study, (Kowalczyk et al, 2012)older generations greatly depend on internet in gaining selective information about cancer, hence it moldiness be ensured that they are gaining information from a reliable source. Cinema had as well been used for aesculapian-educational purposes (Akram et al, 2009). More re cently, entertainment education has been attempted on the topic of cancer as well, for instance promoting breast cancer awareness in adults. The extent and nature of depictions of cancers in children, adolescents and young adults, however, remain less clear.Negative perceptions result from negative portrayals and negative outcomes. In one research, it was remark that there had already been lots of motion pictures with negative portrayals of the medical profession (Thibodeau et al, 2007). In another research with 131movies as sample size, it was pointed out that physicians were portrayed negatively in 44% of movies and that 27% of the sample size had medical inaccuracies. (Flores et al, 2002).There may be a wide disparity between public perceptions and scientific findings. This usually happens when we are convinced by what we saw or hear on the news and not relying on the scientifically documented events. Movies like Erin Brokovich let the people think that cancer in New Jersey and Long Island, New York trigger the cancer clusters (Robinson D,2002). In reality, it is not only the purely environmental exposures that may lead to cancer.After carefully studying 82 movies that centre on a person with cancer, Dr Luciano De Fiore et al, found experiences pertaining to cancer as described in the films were not reflective of the truth. In the movies the researchers studied, 40 characters with cancer were women, and 35 men. In 21 films the type of cancer was not mentioned. Symptoms were considered in 72% of the movies, while diagnostic tests were mentioned in 65%. The most frequent treatment mentioned in the movies was chemotherapy followed by pain-relief. Death occurred in 63% of all movies). Doctors and nurses turned up in 58 films (77%). (De Fiore, 2012)If we are exposed to wrong information, we lead be living in wrong direction. If cancer patients in movies die without a fight, diagnosed cancer patients may also choose to die without a fight. It is the government s role to protect the viewers from what they see. Some research had already pointed good representations about cancer in movies. Some movies are informative and the role of medical research in overcoming the disease is already highlighted ( Lederer SE,2007).A positive outlook about cancer is truly possible if people get out see realistic portrayals in movies. Movies especially those containing health issues will give hope if those will not only shew death and hopelessness of cure. At present, there are movies with scenes pertaining to health and death issues which contain inappropriate portrayals although it is worth mentioning that some movies remind audiences that not all scenes are based on real events but are reflective of the writers view.In a bigger perspective, it is not only cancer barroom consciousness is the major barrier in fighting against cancer. Poor language skills, low income and low education are contributory barriers (Loughridge, 2012). There must be a collabor ative effort in our fight against cancer. Cancer patients, medical practitioners, health allies and the government must move to destroy against these barriers.In a press conference made during World Cancer Day, it was pointed out by Dr Lucio Lecciones that leukemia accounts 40-60% of cancer among patients in the Philippine setting. And that in Philippine Medical Center infirmary alone, the case rate is change magnitude by 30% annually. Deaths from leukemia accounts greater than the number of dengue shock syndrome, sepsis and prematurity combined. It was also stated that 70% of the newly diagnosed childishness cancer cases in the country were recognized in the late stages of the disease. Diagnosis was made when the cancer is no longer curable , even with the use of the most aggressive and expensive treatment. Socioeconomic status is also a great contributory factor to the abandonment to treatment. High cost of diagnostics and treatment affects survival rate and there is barely 2 in ten children surviving cancer. (Jet Villa, 2014)The Department of Health is active in the campaign for the fight against cancer. Educating people not only on how to prevent cancer, but also, how to survive it. Most doctors encourage prevention, as the saying goes An ounce of prevention is better than a pound of cure- genus Benzoin Franklin.Cancer cases were increasing in number. There were more than 82, 000 new cancer cases, affecting both males and females in 2010 in a census from the Department of Health, Philippines. With the increasing trend in cases, it is estimated to reach 85, 000 new cases annually. According to Dr Ona, the number of cases is expected to double within the next decade.Cancer ranks third as the leading courting of death in the Philippines, according to PSMO president Felycette Gay Lapus. The risk factors in developing cancer include smoking, viral infections, sedentary lifestyle, alcohol and radiation. With the great number of people affected, vigilance to i ts warning signs, a healthy lifestyle and early treatment will shield the people against the disease.How can we expect cancer patients submitting themselves to doctors if most of the cancer movies show no hope for cure, portrayals of non compliance to treatment and death immediately after diagnosis. How can we expect people to gain true information when media has its own flaws in its portrayals. Much freedom is given for entertainment but not much is given to qualify information. Even if we have the most rigid medicine or cure for patients, if we are directed by misleading information, science will still fail. In the end, it is not the therapy that will have a great influence to people but it us how they help themselves not to be victims of misleading information. There are only few movies that contribute or portray facts about cancer and even other health issues. With its double edge sword, vigilance to its content can prevent future deaths and maladies.Research Questions1.What ar e the most common movie depictions of cancer in childhood, adolescents, and young adults? Are the depictions relevant and/or appropriately show the true nature of cancer- regarding its detection, treatment and outcomes? Do movies show the common symptoms of cancer?2.Do movies discuss the care-givers and patients options to treatment? Do movies promote hospitalization among cancer patients?3.What are the most common outcomes of cancer as depicted on movies?4.What are the patients and caregivers response or coping mechanisms in dealing about cancer?5.How do movies portray cancer in children, adolescents and young adults (AYA), including outcomes? importation of the StudyIn our fight for cancer, we need to address problems about economy, problems arising from bad health habits and addressing the countrys education. Media is a double-edged sword promoting entertainment to people and depicting pictures which can be perceived as facts. Media can be merely entertaining or may be source of information. These informations may bend dexter a myth into a fact, and wrong decisions may be produced.This study aims to explore movie depictions in children, adolescents and young adults through a review of cancer movies for the last twenty five years. Media becoming an entertainment-educational tool portrays a role in information dissemination thus may help in farsightedness of viewers attitudes towards cancer. This is an exploratory study of movies which aims to describe cancer depictions and portrayals. Our result will guide future research to better understand movies, including their effect on viewing public. Furthermore, this research specifically describes movies depictions as how they may affect viewers who are themselves patients and caregivers.Accurate result of this study will provide awareness to medical practitioners of the opaque movie depictions which will guide them on how to correct each. It will also help them understand why patients have feeling of fear and o pted not to be treated medically. Practitioners may educate the public by showing the data in the hospitalsHospital administrators will be able to identify the dismal portrayals of cancer and promote scientifically based scenario thru health programs and by disseminating information thru all forms of media. It will also serve as an important tool in their advocacy in the fight of cancer.If we are exposed to wrong information, we will be living in wrong direction. If cancer patients in movies die without a fight, diagnosed cancer patients may also choose to die without a fight. It is the governments role to protect the viewers from what they see. But the burden of correcting the moviemakers wrong portrayal of diseases specifically cancer lies on us physicians. It is hoped that this study will provide the figures of the disparity between fact and myth.Should the results of this study show significant dismal portrayals of cancer in movies, health allies will be obliged to warn public a bout the disparities in movies, especially those pertaining health. It is not only empathy that is elicited when viewing movies. Some persons may imitate whatever they saw, good or bad. Absolute correction of wrong portrayals may be impossible, however public warning will still help the viewing audience not to be misguided.Objectives1.To characterize the depiction of cancers in children, adolescents and young adults (AYA) in English-language or subtitled movies.2.To gather data about the most common signs, symptoms and outcomes of cancer as depicted on movies3.To gather data about behaviors and coping mechanisms of patients in response to cancer, as depicted on movies.4. To gather data about behaviors and coping mechanisms of families, caregivers and/or significant others of cancer patients, as depicted on movies.5. To gather data about where treatment is initiated on movies, and estimated time to live of cancer patients from time of detection.Design/MethodA qualitative type of res earch will be used in this study. A preliminary list of mainstream, independent, and made-for-television movies produced from 1975 to 2010 will be independently identified by two authors through manual searches of the internet and movie databases, for English-speaking or English subtitled films. This will be made possible by searching from websites namely www.google.com and www.youtube.com. Abstracts of movies will then be viewed thru www.imdb.com and will be decided whether they fit the cellular inclusion criteria. Qualifying movies will then be viewed by the two authors. Included movies will be those movies containing individuals aged 29 and below whose signs and symptoms of cancer are discernible by the audience. selective information gathering about the variables regarding cancer, most common signs and symptoms of cancers, behavior of patients and families and the most common outcomes will then be gathered and tabulated.SettingData gathering were done by the two researchers ind ependently at home by viewing the movies included in the criteria. The outcomes of the data gathering are to be collaboratedInclusion CriteriaEach of these criteria must be met for inclusion1.The cancer movies are released on public during the year 1975 to 2010.2.The character of the movie, particularly the patient with cancer must be aged 29 and below and these characters clearly manifested signs and symptoms of cancer noticeable to the audience.Exclusion CriteriaEither of these criteria being met will lead to exclusion1.Cancer movies released before year 1975 and beyond 2010 are excluded in the study, including those with cancer characters with age 30 years and above.2.Cancer movies filmed between the year 1975-2010 which contains languages not clearly understood by the proponents of this research.3. Movies which touch on cancer patients who are not the main subjects of the film or cancer manifestations not highlighted in the film.Data GatheringMain outcome measures1.The Variabl es of Cancer in an individual affected as reflected on movies1.1.Age1.2. Sex1.3.Type of cancerTable2. The Most Common Signs and Symptoms, Treatment Options, Outcomes of Different Types of Cancer and Estimated Time to Live among Cancer Patients as Reflected on Movies2.1.Physical effects2.2.Treatment Options2.3. Outcome of cancer2.4. Estimated time to live among cancer patientsTable 3.Behavioral Reactions of people toward cancerBehavioral reaction of patients toward the sicknessBehavioral reaction of families/caregivers toward cancer3.3.Where treatment is initiatedData Handling and AnalysisThe co-authors will review cancer movies based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The data from the movies included will be tabulated in a table. All of the movies viewed independently by the co-authors will be collaborated at the end of the 10-month study period. The data on age, sex, type of cancer, visible manifestation of different types of cancer, treatment options, outcomes and estimate d time to live will be presented as frequency and percentage. Typical emotional process that most people with a terminal illness and families go through namely denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance will be presented in frequency and percentage.1

Rodney the skateboarding robot :: Robotics

Rodney the skateboarding robotMy project is Rodney, the robot skateboard, targeted at kids who want a placidskateboard accessory, and parents who would most likely buy one for their kids. Similardesigns are a handle-like device with wheels that pulls a skateboard or roller skates, andthe Segway.I invite studied these designs, and a brief history of skateboards to better myunderstanding of how to make my robot work.The first design has a forward/reverse options for the motors and is turned byturning the board or roller skates. It is practically just a way to use the skateboard withoutusing much energy.Segway Human Transporter (HT) offer self-balance because of a technologycalled dynamic stabilization. Dynamic Stabilization works by using solid-stategyroscopes, tilt sensors, high-speed microprocessors, and powerful electric motorsperforming to carry it balanced.The skateboard originally in the 50s was conceived as a way to surf on land,whenever there was bad surfing weather. It sta rted out as roller skates nailed to a woodenbase. Then a bicycle company in the early 70s built better boards with flexible mounts forthe wheel axis, and thus was born the modern skateboard, with cargo deck tape for moremaneuverability and painted designs and logos on the bottom of the board.Rodney is a two-part robot, one is the controller for Rodney and the other isRodney himself, the maneuverable part. The controller consists of flat platforms with cardinal walls of beam pieces. It has a RCX 2.0, and three touch sensors. The Rodney alsoRodneyBeta the skateboarding robothas an RCX 2.0 and four motors in a car-like design. He has beams and panel piecesconnecting the motors together for additional stability.Rodney was lucky at pushing my skateboard forward, reverse, and eventurning. He could move the skateboard by itself at around 5mph and slightly less withadded weight. The maximum weight that it put up hold is about 2lbs. The remote controllerhas a range of around 10fts, and wh en it is out of range Rodney continues doing the samefunction that it was doing previously. I found that sometimes wheels whitethorn fall of Rodney,and occasionally he slides out from under my skateboard.I see that the alpha form of Rodney can that at least three forms, one universe the

The History of Mexican-Americans Explored Through Film Essay -- Mexico

The History of Mexican-Americans Explored Through FilmThe hardships that Mexican-Americans have faced started well forrader Reies Lopez Tijierina and Corky Gonzalaz led the Chicano heading in the sixties, and well before the Coronado Bridge was built in San Diego. It started with the Treaty of Guadeloupe Hilago. The treaty signed in 1848 by the linked States and Mexico established new boarders between the two countries. This treaty forever changed the lives of Mexicans then and still today. When the United States gained control of the land in the Southwest all the Mexicans that had been musical accompaniment there became citizens of the U.S. The land that had once been theirs, the land that they had grown up on the their great grandparents had grown up on was now being get throughn by the U.S. government. Felix Gutierrez, a fourth generation Californian, sums up the feelings of Mexican-Americans best when he said, My great grandfather didnt cross the boarder, the boarder crossed him. (interview with Jorge Quiroga) Around the time that the chilly War started to heat up Reies Lopez Tijerina started to fight back for the land of Tierra Amarilla. It was once land that had once belonged to Amarlla, and had sold for 200 dollars and some horses, and Tijierina said it was time to take it back. The film Chicano shows that with this one defining act Tijerina spearheaded the Chicano movement. The word Chicano which means poorest of the poor spread like wild fire throughout the Mexican-American community in the Southwest. Chicanos dictum what Dr. Martin Luther King was doing for the African Americans and they realized that they were also victims of labor, education and even military discrimination. Tijierinas argument and desire for change had been ba... ... Chicano takes an in depth and vivid bet at the Chicano movement led by Tijerina and Corky and how the two of those men have instilled an everlasting fight for equal rights in the Mexican-American community. Th e web sight Chicano parking lot tells the history of the Coronado Bridge and exhibits the murals in the park. These murals are the testimony for the Mexican-Americans struggle for equal rights in the United States. In reading Zacks paper, he makes a good point that in the school systems students never really learn about this part of our history. I agree and also think that if students had learned this, the Chicano movement would benefit. Parker also makes a good point that projects like Chicano Park are very good for the Mexican communities. I feel that public places that represents a hoi pollois history and struggle, help brings that community together and stronger.